Communication: Analysing and Presenting Complex Communication Essay

Introduction This report is for the second exam of the Communications unit of producing complex written business documents. The aim of this report is to know the customer services in the Renmin University and know whether it could meet the need of the students. The objectives of the report are to introduce different kinds of customer services in the Renmin University and how to offer these services for the students. It includes the facilities of teaching, condition of the education, facilities of living and organization and activities of students. And each of them has its own different parts to define the services. 2.0 Procedure To source this report: a) Information on the customer services was taken from internet websites. b) A number of books on customer services were consulted. c) Information was gathered from the official websites of the Renmin University. 3. Facilities of Teaching 3.1 General Information of the Facilities The Renmin University consists of 23 schools in addition to the Graduate School (the School of Science is in the process of being set up, and a Chemistry Department has been established.), thirteen university-level institutions, fourteen post-doctoral stations, plus one Adult Higher Education College, School of Education Training, and Shenzhen Research Institute. Each of the schools has its own teaching building to meet the daily needs of teaching. And they also have the special facilities for their special subjects, for example, the chemical laboratoriesï ¼Å'the multimedia classrooms and the computer rooms. So the facilities of the teaching of the Renmin University could meet the needs of the customer services of the students. 3.2 Library The library of the Renmin University was founded in 1937. And now, the library has 15 reading rooms in which there are more than 1,800 seats. The responsible for services of the reading rooms are including borrowing, consultation, inter-library loans, help with information requests, searches, binding, audio-visual services, and so on. The university established a new local network that adopts the UNICORN software system of the US SIRSI Company and SUN mainframe equipment at the end of 1999. And this network environment provides all the necessary functions for a convenient and prompt library service. The library has a book collection of 2,500,000 copies, covering all central fields of inquiry such as the humanities, the social sciences, economics, and administration. The holdings are especially strong in economics, law, philosophy, and history. The library also has a rich collection of electronic resources; this includes access to more than 200 data bases and disk-based materials from networks both at home and abroad. To facilitate the use of the collection, the library has established a set of ordered resource bases and data bases. Thus, the library offers convenient access so that readers can effectively use the digital resources of the library. 3.3 Gymnasium The gymnasium of the Renmin University is a multipurpose gymnasium. It is located at the west of the university. It covers over 1,400 square meters and the building area of it is 20,000 square meters. The total cost of it is more than 9,000 million. It includes the basketball courts, tennis courts indoor trackï ¼Å'gymï ¼Å'equipment roomï ¼Å'music room and so on. It is one of the most multipurpose gymnasiums of all the universities. The gymnasium is made of aluminum and Glass curtain wall which is very beautiful and unique. The gymnasium is becoming a landmark of the Renmin University because of its beautiful shape and complex structure. And it also becomes the place which the students could spend the part time to do sports. 4. Condition of the education 4.1 Teachers Now the Renmin University has 1,671 full time teachers, including 499 professors and 636 associate professors. The school has 13 teachers to be the members of the fifth State Council Academic Degrees Committee and has 13 professors to be selected as the members of the Social Science Council of the Ministry of Education. The numbers of these are in the front of the universities. The number of the excellent teachers is also in the front of the universities. In recent years, a large number of young scholars which have consummate education and courageous thinking of innovation become the famous scholars and the academic leaders having the great influence all over the world. All of these make the Renmin University nurture a lot of excellent graduates. 4.2 Quality Education The endeavor of quality education is to improve students’ understanding and awareness of culture and their ability to think by themselves through different kinds of courses. Some of the courses are very popular among students, such as the History of Western Civilization, Selected Readings in Literature and the History of Chinese Civilization. Some science courses are available as well in order to supplement students of humanities with more comprehensive abilities such as biology, physics and chemistry. The lectures on dance, music and art could help to better students’ aesthetic taste and ability to appreciate the accomplishments of those fields. The quality education and campus culture supplement each other at the Renmin University of China. It meets the needs of the students about developing their artistic ability and aesthetic taste. 4.3 Schools & Departments The Renmin University has put the undergraduate education on the base and the graduate education on the important place. And it also uses the continuing education to assist the daily teaching. All of these make the Renmin University form a comprehensive and multi-storey teaching structure. And the university is one of the universities which established the Graduate School. The Renmin University consists of 23 schools in addition to the Graduate School (the School of Science is in the process of being set up, and a Chemistry Department has been established.), thirteen university-level institutions, fourteen post-doctoral stations, plus one Adult Higher Education College, School of Education Training, and Shenzhen Research Institute. The school has 61 departments of professional degree, 8 departments of the second professional degree, ten departments of undergraduate education and so on. These departments could meet the needs of all the students. 5.0 Organization and Activities of Students 5.1 Students’ Organizations The Renmin University has a lot of Student Organizations. It is more than 124. Every year it will hold an assembly to enlist new members of the organizations. This is the most important magnificent ceremony of all the organizations. The organizations which are approbatory have six parts including education, theory, amusement, sports, public welfare and practice. It is beautiful scenery of the cultural life on campus. The Renmin University is famous for the students’ organizations which having lots kinds, large coverage, and great influence. The students of the Renmin University get the fun of youth and the growth of experience with taking part in the varied students’ activities. 5.2 Sports Teams The Renmin University has a lot of sports teams, such as basketball and volleyball teams, table tennis teams, men’s soccer, track and field and martial arts. They do well in women’s basketball, men’s volleyball, martial arts, and track and field at the National University Games and these teams are invariably among the top three in the universities of Beijing. The basketball teams and the men’s soccer are high-level sports teams of it, certified by the Ministry of Education. These two teams have represented Beijing in the National University Games on many occasions. And they have won the championship in Beijing University Sports Games on many years. The titles they have obtained include: the third place at the 2nd CUBA, the fifth place in men’s basketball at the 5th National University Games, the fourth place in men’s soccer in the preliminary rounds of the 6th National University Games, silver medalist at the 7th National University Games and seventh place in the final. 5.3 Social Practice The Renmin University has organized many forms of social activities in order to prepare its students for their future jobs. The Renmin University helps its students find institutions or organizations involved in social activities, and provide the students with the necessary financial support they need for participation. The professors and experts of the Renmin University have been arranged to give their students training and lectures on doing research, including how they can adapt themselves to their future jobs, how they can write their research reports and academic theses and how they should identify a problem and conduct research into it. The Youth Federation could bring students together and they are asked to talk about their experiences from their social activities. Then, other students can learn from them. Excellent reports and theses will be published, outstanding students or groups will be rewarded. And the Renmin University has set up a database to help the students get information and help from the university at any time and any stage necessary as programs for social activities are applied for and managed on the intranet. 6. Conclusion The Renmin University has many kinds of organizations and activities to meet the needs of its students. It takes the customer service of the school as an important part of the construction of the daily work. As a result, the students of it feel that the customer services of the school are good and their needs could be meet. The Renmin University offers the customer services not only on the hand of the material services but also on the other hand of the spiritual services. These make its students be satisfied of the services which offering by the university. The students living at the Renmin University could have good time in the part time. Because of the customer service of it included all kinds of daily lives. 7.0 Bibliography Print Sources: Books: Scottish Qualifications Authority, 2010, Communication: Analysing and Presenting Complex Communication, 3rd ed. Beijing, China Modern Economic Publishing House Scottish Qualifications Authority, 2010, Creating a Culture of Customer Care, 2nd ed. Beijing, China Modern Economic Publishing House Non-Print Sources: Internet Web Sites: The Renmin University of China, â€Å"Living at the RUC.† (Online) 2004, http://english.ruc.edu.cn/en/100374/ The Renmin University of China, â€Å"Schools & Departments.† (Online) 2004, http://english.ruc.edu.cn/en/100378/ The Renmin University of China, â€Å"Sources.† (Online) 2004, http://english.ruc.edu.cn/en/100375/

My Dream Dinner Party Essay

If you could host a dinner party and invite any four people either living or dead, whom would you invite and what would the five of you discuss together? If I am to invite any four people for a dinner party, it would be my pleasure to have the following present: First of all, I would be happy to dine with the chairman and chief architect of the world wide leader in software services and solutions, Microsoft Corporation. The guy considered to be the richest man on earth, no other than William “Bill” Gates. Another visitor whom I would like to join us would be one of the top businessmen in South Africa, the Chairman of Harmony Gold Mining Company Ltd., Mr. Patrice Motsepe. My third guest passed away last June 25, 1997. He was known for his invention of the underwater camera and underwater TV processes as well as numerous undersea expeditions and TV specials made useful up to the present. I would be glad if he could join us from the world of the unknown Ââ€" Mr. Jacques-Yves Co usteau. And finally my last but definitely not the least visitor would be the 43rd President of the United States, Mr. George Walker Bush. Our discussion would center on modern inventions for the global market and its impacts on the business world. We would specifically deal on Bill GatesÂ’ vision for 2005 Ââ€" the digital lifestyle. First of all, our top businessman Mr. Motsepe will discuss to us the current trend of the world market and the pressing technological needs faced by the business world. We would like to know what sort of difficulties if there are any, are faced by the mining industry, and how technology can play a part in solving these issues. In addition, President Bush will also share to us the present problems faced by his administration and the implications of these in the business community. We also would like the president to tell us his thoughts on the role of technology in decreasing these problems and gearing forward to its solutions. Moreover, we would like to hear suggestions from Mr. Gates on how technology can play a vital role in addressing the problems faced in this era and possible innovations that will be created to improve the quality of business and governance. It is imperative that he would work hand in hand with our representatives from business and from the government to create technological solutions to our issues. Furthermore, I would like Gates to share to us the different innovations from Microsoft that we would expect to  emerge in the year 2005 and the usefulness of these innovations in peopleÂ’s lives particularly in the corporate setting. Here, Mr. Jacques-Yves Cousteau would be helpful to tell us all about his underwater television and how this can be improved by GatesÂ’ digital means. We also would like him to share to us some ideas that could lead to further inventions and technologies that can be used underwater. Finally, the presidentÂ’s presence is very important since we would need his support not only for the spread of the new technological innovations but also for its use in the business world. It would be very fantastic if the government will also benefit from the modern innovations and processes used in the business community.

Character Analysis “I Stand Here ironing”

What society doesn't grasp is the difficulties it is to maintain this character in the struggles of balancing work, parenting, and everyday life to the underprivileged though the narrator did what she could as a parent even with facing all the difficulties and dilemma she came across. The Narrator in â€Å"l Stand Here Ironing† holds a heavy heart of guilt for her lack of involvement for her daughter and the way she turned out, but at the same time she knows she can't hold all the blame. L Stand here Ironing† opens with the narrator being asked to come in and speak about her daughter. We are never told who is asking this, but whoever is seeking Information from the narrator believed that her daughter Emily â€Å"needs alp†. The narrator expresses that Emily is the first of five children. She goes into deeply explaining Emily as â€Å"The first and only one of our five that was beautiful at birth. † (402) our narrator proceeds to tell us that Emily father le ft them therefore languid 2 old.Due to the situation at hand our narrator had to send Emily away to her father's family at a young age. The reasoning was so that she could make enough money to live a somewhat stable life and also have the proper care for her daughter as she worked. Unfortunately the proper care situation wasn't as simple as one loud think. When our narrator placed Emily in a nursery school she expresses to us how unfriendly the location was, but â€Å"It was the only way we could be together, the only way I could hold a Job. (404) Right here is one point where we can see things aren't the mothers fault. She wants to be with her daughter and the same time she has to work to provide for her so she has no choice but to take the opportunities that are available to her; even if these opportunities are not what she prefers. When our narrator goes into having her second child Susan we learn that Emily has become delirious with the fever that comes before red measles .. . â€Å"(405). Emily was home alone for the week her mother was in the hospital after giving birth to Susan.When our narrator is home again she expresses that Emily did not start to get much better she explains her as â€Å". . Skeleton thin, not wanting to eat, and night after night she had nightmares. † (405) we learn that Emily calls for her mother when she has these nightmares but from being over and to go back to bed. Finally later as she said is â€Å"too late† she begins to start languid 3 hacking on Emily she hears her cried but Emily doesn't need or I guess you could say want the affection at this point.Later we learn that a clinic talk our narrator into sending Emily away to â€Å"Convalescent home† (405). The clinic basically tell our narrator that she can't give Emily the proper care she need and by doing this she can focus on her new baby. When Emily is sent away they are unable to visit her for the first six weeks because the institute decides when they are able to. Once they start visiting we are taught that this place is not of the homiest places, Emily does not enjoy her ATA, and they kind of treat her as a prisoner.When Emily returns home she refuses food and affection from her mother. Emily over the years has had much neglecting which our narrator does understand, but at the same time she had little options, and was also instructed that being sent away was the best for her daughter. To wrap things up we can see pretty clearly that our Narrator did in fact love her daughter. Our narrator never intended to neglect Emily from the love and affection she deserved, but she didn't have many options to choose from.

THE SITUATION OF WOMAN ( THE HOUSE OF SPIRITS) BY ISABEL ALLENDE Essay

THE SITUATION OF WOMAN ( THE HOUSE OF SPIRITS) BY ISABEL ALLENDE - Essay Example On the contrary, the women are passive, subservient and puppet-like in the hand of their male counterparts. It is not that they do not long for freedom of action and choice; indeed, they long for it and attempt to exert stealthily. But when their ambition are revealed, they have been mercilessly silenced down by the men around them. All of the protagonists in Allende’s novel are, more or less, vulnerable to male violence and brutality. They are powerless in the face of the men’s superiority and macho possessiveness. Despite their powerlessness, they challenge the patriarchal authority by feminine mode of protests such assuming reclaiming maiden name, resort to silence, self-withdrawal, etc. After all, the women’s status, as portrayed in the novel, is more like an addendum to their men than a self-dependent individual. Like any patriarchal society, the fate of Allende’s women is determined greatly shaped and determined by the men around them. They are the objects of male lust like other properties which belong to a man. Obviously, these women belong to a society which is run by rigid patriarchal ideologies. In the novel, Esteban’s character seems to personify all those patriarchal ideologies. He believes that marriage is the best protection of a woman who is unable to ensure their own safety because of their psychophysical inferiority. So, he sent â€Å"Jaime and Nicolà ¡s were sent to a Victorian English boarding school† (Allende 78). The father in Esteban believes that Blanca’s destiny was â€Å"marriage and a brilliant life in society, where the ability to converse with the dead, if kept on a frivolous level, could be an asset† (Allende 78). Indeed, Allende’s women are imprisoned in a rigidly defined social gender-role. He believes that since women are both physically and mentally immature, their activities should remain confined to childrearing, cooking, etc within the four-walls of

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Impact on Women Term Paper

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Impact on Women - Term Paper Example African-Americans were considered inferior in a way and were not treated as equals to the rest of society. The president took it to himself to express his concern on this issues and the need to address them, but was assassinated before he could actualize the passing of the civil rights bill. The vice-president took over, and even though he had previously objected to a similar bill, he saw the need to push the 1964 civil rights act, in a bid to improve the living standards of the African-Americans within the United States society. The president signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 owing to the support given by the public who say the need for change. Initially, the powers to facilitate enforcement of the Act were weak but were enhanced as with time. This piece of legislation outlawed main forms of discrimination based on race, ethnicity, nationality, religion and gender. The Act ended unequal application of voter registration requirements where the Fifteenth Amendment sought to protect voting rights (Foley et al, 2007). In addition, the legislation guaranteed equal protection to all citizens in accordance to the law by ending racial segregation in schools, workplaces and public places. Public accommodation facilities such as motels, hotels restaurants, theaters among others, were barred from discriminating concerning race. Desegregation was also encouraged in public schools. The Act also provided equal employment opportunities by discouraging discrimination and the establishment of Equal Employment Opportunities Commission, which review employment complaints. The Community Relations service was also established to aid in resolution of disputes related to discriminatory practices, which are based on race, color or nationality. The landmark piece of legislation in the form of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 had its impacts felt by many but mostly changed the lives of minorities as well as women. Initially, the bill did not include abolishing discrimination based on gen der, but following some amendments, women were included. Before the bill was passed, few women challenged male domination in the society concerning jobs and religion. The few who struggle to secure equal rights were secluded and punished for the same. The bill placed women on a level playing field by giving them equal rights and by protecting them through the law. This indicated to women that they also mattered just as much as men in the society did. The legislature also outlawed discrimination due to color, race, religion and gender among employers. In this regard, women were provided with an opportunity to secure employment competitively in accordance to their qualifications. In addition, women were presented with equal educational opportunities. The act also protects women from disparities that may arise in terms of compensation by advocating for equal pay. This way, they could also acquire credit facilities to improve their lives. Women are protected from all form advances that fit the definition of sexual harassment and has been established as a form of discrimination under Title VII of the U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1964, which involves unsolicited sexual advances, requests for sexual favors or conduct of a sexual nature with reference to matters of employment or at the workplace. Successful complaints have seen perpetrators punished in accordance to the law (Matonak n.d). In the event, that the Civil Rights

Influence of interest groups on president Obamas administration Research Paper

Influence of interest groups on president Obamas administration - Research Paper Example Center for American Progress recommends the government to develop guided pathways to success that will help the higher education system to develop a formidable and attainable success path that will lead students to successful careers (Klein, 2014). The established success pathway will allow the federal government to resolve the longstanding problem that has befallen the American postsecondary education system thereby enabling a clear success path that will enable students to identify their potential and eventually their suitable careers to venture. Under the recommendations made by the center for American progress, students ought to begin in a limited number of meta- majors, which entails a set of courses that the student should complete in order to meet academic requirements across a range of programs and disciplines. The move will assist students to complete a specific major while following a highly structured degree plan. The proposed recommendation from the Center for American pr ogress addresses the tightly structured programs that student undertake within the semester thereby imposing flexibility to the students , which helps the students to access a wide range of courses offered during the semester with ease and under their discretion. The recommendation from the lobby group offers room to the effective use of technology that will enable trainers to pin point reluctant students who do not complete their assignments or attend lecture classes thereby allowing the trainers to intervene before the situation gets out of control.

Google, decribe organization's approach to leading, planning and Essay

Google, decribe organization's approach to leading, planning and controlling, is it right do I haveany recommended changes - Essay Example o overcome as well with fears that Google could possibly become a monopoly which could ultimately lead to the demise of such an influential corporation. Google Inc. is a global technology leader focused on improving the ways people connect with information. Google maintains an index of websites and other content which allows anyone with an internet connection to access this information freely. Their revenues are over 16 billion per year and they employ over 16,000 people. Their growth in revenue each year is mainly due to an increase in advertising revenues for Google web sites and as well as their network. They are one of the largest companies in America based on their market share value. The influence of this company was exemplified when â€Å"Google† was added to the Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary in 2006. According to Webster it is defined as the way â€Å"to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the internet†. [1] The development of Google’s search engine technology began in January 1996 in a garage. Stanford University’s computer science graduate students Larry Page and Sergey Brin got together to develop a new search engine technology. They named their new product â€Å"Backrub† because of its ability to rate websites. This was done when viewing the number of reverences by examining the number of back links pointing to the web sites. This was a new way to rate web sites. The competitors had a way to assess the revelency of web sites to a particular search query based on counting metatags or â€Å"key words† included in web sites. By 1997 â€Å"Backrub† had a number of followers in the internet world in the Silicon Valley. One of these followers was Yahoo co-founder, David Filo. In 1998 David Filo convinced Larry Page and Sergey Brin to leave Stanford Graduate School and focus full time on making their search technology the basis of a new internet company. Backrub was renamed Google, or Googol, which is a mathematical term that

Dividend Policy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Dividend Policy - Case Study Example The 1970s was the decade of the two great oil price shocks (1973 and 1979/80) that were to have serious effects on the world's economies. It was also a decade when the major oil companies saw a decisive change in their old concessionary relationships. Like its major competitors, BP lost direct access to most of its supplies of OPEC oil as the OPEC countries took control of production and prices. The 1973 price explosion had a dramatic effect on demand. BP's oil sales started falling for the first time since 1952 (with the exception of 1957, the year of the Suez crisis). By 1978, sales had recovered somewhat; but then came the Iranian revolution and another major rise in the price of oil. In 1979, BP suffered further blows when its assets in Nigeria were nationalised and its supplies from Kuwait cut back. By 1980, its sales were down again. The entire oil industry was affected by the events of the 1970s. But thanks to BP's large investment programme in areas outside the Middle East, the company showed, as it had done in Iran in 1951 that it could survive. As noted, of key importance were the developments of its oilfield discoveries in the North Sea and Alaska. In the autumn of 1975, BP pumped ashore the first oil from the North Sea's UK sector when it brought the Forties field on stream. This field development was financed by a bank loan of 370 million, then the largest wholly-private bank advance ever arranged. At its peak, Forties produced half a million barrels a day, equivalent to one-quarter of the UK's daily oil requirement. Today, BP's other oil- and gas-producing countries include Abu Dhabi, Australia, Colombia, Norway and Papua New Guinea The spirit of enterprise continues (mid-1970s - today) Diversification and a new structure The upheavals of the 1970s led BP to conclude that it should broaden its activities so that it could operate in the future with more balanced sources of income. Accordingly, from the mid-1970s there was increased emphasis on diversification into new areas of activity. BP's entry into the nutrition business originated in the 1950s, when the company's French researchers began to develop a process for converting oil into protein. Although the process was later discarded, BP developed other interests in nutrition. From the mid-1970s, it became involved in animal feed, animal breeding and consumer foods and related products. As a result of the purchase in 1986 of the US company, Purina Mills, BP Nutrition became one of the world's largest feed millers. In 1990, it also took responsibility for BP's household cleaning and personal care products -- successors of the old detergents business. Another industry which BP entered in the mid-1970s was minerals. BP expanded its minerals interests considerably in 1980, when, in what was then the London stock market's largest-ever takeover bid, it bought Selection Trust, the British-based mining finance house. In the following year, Standard Oil

Toyota Motors Internal Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Toyota Motors Internal Business - Research Paper Example From this paper it is clear that Toyota Motor Company supplies its cars to the U.S., East Africa and Japan, but faces intense competition it is endeavor to expand its market to countries such as China.This study highlights that  the market system is a system that allows individuals and firms to make their own decisions about who gets what and the means used to get it. While the market system deals with individual decisions, the government deals with collective decisions. In the United States, the market system and the government make decisions concerning the economy. The U.S. economy is made up of individual people, social institutions and business and labor organizations. The United States constitution is the basis of the United States’ legal system. The U.S. legal system gives the freedom to own private property. The law gives U.S. citizens a right to own property and use it in the lawful manner they choose. The market system affects the distribution and sales of Toyota ve hicles because the decision of using them is made by people and organizations that may want the products. The U.S. government does not control the individual buying and using the vehicle. It is the duty of the Toyota Motor Company to convince its customers of the benefits of using the products as opposed to other related products. It is the duty of Toyota Motor Company to offer the vehicles that the customers might need at prices that they are willing to pay and which it can afford to sell. The Motor Company price will determine who will be able to purchase the products. Political risks in a country may be instituted by the political decisions in regard to the expected outcome and value of any given economic action. Macroeconomic and socials policies are the key effects of political risks. In the U.S., political risk can be caused by government participation in private enterprise. A financial crisis may also be the possible source for a political risk in a country. For instance, in 2009 investors in the US were concerned about political risk after the government played a great and controversial role in private enterprise due to the economic problems that were experienced at the time (Graybow, 2009). Toyota Motor company’s products are luxuries and not basic needs. Therefore, in case of a political risk the demand for its products will reduce. To avoid losses in situations of political risks the company should consider broadening its markets. When one market is affected by the problem, it can utilize time on other markets as it waits for the affected country to revert to stability. The Toyota management should ensure that it does not rely on one market. In case there is a political risk in one country its sales and other operations will not be paralyzed when it adopts this strategy. Preparing strategies in advance will make the company more prepared to tackle political risks in the future. Toyota motors code of conduct includes observing local laws, respecting societal norms and company ethics, engaging in fair corporate activities and complying with the expectations of its stakeholders. In raising individual awareness of compliance, Toyota promotes initiatives through corporate ethics committee and other internal organizations. They always check activities to enhance compliance with their codes. The Toyota code of conduct describes the values to be observed by the people of the global Toyota organization. The codes are aimed at creating a harmonious

Emerging Wireless Technology in the Healthcare Industry Assignment

Emerging Wireless Technology in the Healthcare Industry - Assignment Example In fact, these investments have caused enhanced efficiency, the implementation of new processes and high quality of services. In spite of all these developments the healthcare sector failed to take pleasure in the efficiency and improvements since the healthcare sector has always been working under inadequate resources. With the passage of time, the strategy makers, decision makers, operators, and other stakeholders realized the importance of information and communication technology, in particular wireless technology and observed a chance to deal with some of the major issues the healthcare industry is facing (Hafeez-Baig & Gururajan, 2009). This paper discusses the use of wireless technologies in healthcare sector. The paper also outlines the advantages and drawbacks of wireless technologies in the context of the healthcare sector. A large number of researches have shown that the use of wireless computing can help healthcare firms deal with some of the critical problems for instance reduction in expenditures, quality of care, reduction in errors, shortages of human resources, reduction in financial support, and high satisfaction levels among employees and customers. For instance, an electronically readable code can be assigned to a patient registering in a hospital and an employee using wireless devices can insert vital information straightforwardly into the hospital network. In the same way, wireless devices can be utilized to connect a patient's body to a variety of hospital machines and devices with the purpose of keeping records of medical data for instance heart function, blood pressure and these important features can be straightforwardly recorded, regularly monitored and assessed by healthcare professionals both within and outside the hospital (Hafeez-Baig & Gururajan, 2009). According to (Gururajan & Murugesan, 2005), in healthcare sector wireless technology is utilized as an umbrella term which involves the use of a wide range of wireless devices such as personal digital assistants, mobile and handheld computers, mobile phones, wireless computer networks pagers and mobile and wireless communications. As discussed above, in healthcare sector wireless technologies can be used for completing a wide variety of tasks. For instance, wireless technologies can be utilized by healthcare professionals to access patient data and records, to collect and store data and records of patients at the point of entry or to enter or update definite predefined data/information with the purpose of processing billing related issues (Gururajan & Murugesan, 2005). In addition, through these wireless technologies and handheld devices, healthcare professionals can perform different tests, advise medicines, and ask for additional services straightforwardly from the patient's bed. One of the most important advantages for the healthcare sector is that wireless devices can offer care as well as other connected services, anywhere, at any time, and at an afforda ble price, at the point of care in extremely competitive surroundings. For that reason, it can be said that the implementation and use of wireless technologies can be significant for successful survival and improvement of healthcare sector. In fact, in addition to a reduction in the need for additional hardware/operating

Creative Treatment of Actuality Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Creative Treatment of Actuality - Term Paper Example The traditional cinema gained hold around the world at the turn of the 20th Century. Many communities around the world built different niches within which motion picture was developed and enhanced in order to promote this art form  (Benson, 2013). Primarily, the main role of the motion picture was to entertain viewers  (Benson, 2013). However, with time, the use of television and other forms of the motion picture to educate people was enhanced and promoted throughout communities around the world. One of the earliest views of documentaries was the concept of creative treatment of actuality. This was presented by John Grierson who viewed it as a system of using some degree of creativity to present factual and non-fictional storylines in a way and manner that maintained the originality of the cinema and also educated viewers of the matter that needed to be discussed. The concept of the creative treatment of actuality is about observing life in an art form that brings out the natural aspects of society and this is done through factual films presented in a dramatic form (De Jong, 2013). The creative treatment of actuality was first propounded by John Grierson who viewed it as a form of journalism, presented through the media process. Later on, this concept played a role in defining the actual role and processes of documentaries. â€Å"Documentary film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt in one fashion or the other to ‘document’ real ity† (Killborn & Izod, 2013, p. 29). In John Grierson's pioneering work, he sought to document the life of a Polynesian girl and her family in 1926. This was done through the use of words, music, images and sound effects that were meant to create an aesthetic and factual appeal (Killborn & Izod, 2013). This is meant to present a lively view of a given situation in order to present a message in a strong way and manner and bring about a high degree of realism to the documentary. However, this includes some creative components that will work together to attain specific objectives and end.  

Ethnic group Essay Example for Free

Ethnic group Essay Crash is highly ambiguous in the depiction of multiculturalism in American society. Almost all the ethnicities depicted in Crash question the perception others have their particular group, but at the same time affirm the different stereotypes surrounding their ethnic group. For example, one of the black characters (‘Anthony’) remarks that they should be afraid in a white neighborhood, due to their group’s association with crime. Following this intelligent observation, he and his friend (‘Peter’) proceed to steal a car from a white couple (Rick and Jean Cabot), affirming the stereotype whites have of them. Another example would be the Persian-American father, who is accused by a gun-store owner to be a danger to society, The father denies this fact, but ends up shooting a child. This ambiguous portrayal shows us one of the dilemmas of Multiculturalism in American society. While it strives to acknowledge diversity, it also promotes color consciousness by rejecting color-blind solutions. To quote Gordon and Newfield â€Å"Multiculturalism in the 1980’s sponsored renewed protests against white racism and yet it appeared to replace the emphasis on race and racism with an emphasis on cultural diversity. Multiculturalism rejected racial subordination but seemed sometimes to support itâ€Å". While Gordon and Newfield also attest that â€Å"multiculturalism often avoided race. It designated cultures†, but multiculturalism in Crash inexorably comes down to race and ethnicity. The characters in Crash think in terms of race or ethnicity, not culture. Despite the fact that every major character is culturally ‘American’, race is the definitive factor in determining identity. The upper-class African-American Cameron is accused of not being ‘black’ enough. The Persian-American father is angered that he is mistaken for being an Arab (traditionally considered to be part of the Hamitic race), while both ethnicities can be considered part of Islamic culture. The Asian-American characters and the Cambodian immigrants are first and foremost ‘Asian’ and no attempt is made to distinguish them culturally. This can clearly be seen at the end of the movie; Anthony drops the Cambodians off in Chinatown, an ‘Asian’ neighborhood, inhabited by Chinese-Americans whose culture and language is completely foreign to the Cambodians. Furthermore everyone from South-American is labeled as Latino or Hispanic, despite the fact that Brazilians are culturally and linguistically Portuguese and that Argentina is more ‘white’ than the United States. Detective Ria is called Mexican (the most common Hispanic group in Los Angeles) multiple times in the movie, despite having a shared Puerto Rican and El-Salvadorian background. One must understand that there is a racial divide or a perceived racial divide in American society, not just between the white American majority and minority groups but between different minority groups as well. This is best seen during Crash’s opening scene, where a ‘native’ Asian-American woman (Kim Lee) accuses the ‘native’ Hispanic Ria of being an illegal immigrant in broken English. Another example would be the privileged African-American Cameron. After an attempted carjacking, he is mistaken for one of the carjackers, due to his belligerent attitude and encounters a racial divide that completely nullifies his privileged position. In other words, his upper-class job gave him a degree of ‘whiteness’, which dissipates when he is mistaken for a ‘black’ thug. The racial divide is best described by Ronald Takaki, a Japanese-American and a professor on multicultural American during an encounter with a taxi driver. The taxi driver asked how long he had been in the US; Takaki interpreted his question in terms of race: â€Å"Somehow I did not look ‘American’ to him; my eyes and complexion looked foreign. Suddenly we both became aware of a racial divide between us†. For the taxi driver, an Asian man speaking good English was somehow remarkable and likely made his comment without any racist connotations. For the Japanese-American Takaki, it was a reminder that the notion of ‘Americaness’ was still closely related to race. Another Academic, Schlesinger notes that â€Å"The bonds of cohesion in our society are sufficiently fragile, or so it seems to me, that it makes no sense to strain them by encouraging and exalting cultural and linguistic apartheid. The American identity will never be fixed and final; it will always be in the making†. Despite being an assimilationist, Schlesinger has a valid argument, at least with this quote. ‘American’ is not a fixed identity; it means different things to different minority groups. For the Asian-American woman, speaking broken English raised no questions regarding her Asian-American identity, while the Hispanic Ria was dumbfounded by the fact that the women accused her of being an illegal in broken English. Schlesinger correctly notes how fragile the bonds between the different ethnic groups are. This returns in Crash, where almost every ‘multicultural’ interaction is the result of a crash or conflict. As Gordon and Newfield point out in their essay, multiculturalism might have placed the emphasis on cultural diversity, rather than race or racism, but it has done little to deal with the underlying racial divide that exists in American society. Bibliography. â€Å"Argentina Demographics Profile 2010†, Index Mundi, accessed 10-3-2010, http://www. indexmundi. com/argentina/demographics_profile. html Avery Gordon and Christopher Newfield, Mapping Multiculturalism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), 3-4 Schlesinger, Arthur M. , The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society (New York: Norton, 1992) 137-138 Takaki, Ronald, A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America (New York: Back Bay Books, 1993) 1-2.

Childhood adolescence and adulthood development

Childhood adolescence and adulthood development What are the major milestones related to physical developments in early and middle childhood? Briefly describe these milestones? There are several milestones connected to physical developments in early as well as middle childhood. Physical developmental change might take place as an outcome of genetically-controlled courses known as maturation, or even as a product of varied environmental factors and learning. However, developmental change most frequently involves an interface between the two. Age-linked development periods and cases in point of defined intervals include: ages 0-1 month (newborn); ages 1 month 1 year (infant); toddler (ages 1-3 years); ages 4-6years (preschooler); ages 6-13 years (school-aged child) and (ages 13-20) adolescent (Kail, 2006). Aging which is also a physical development appears to concurrently occur in two major separate domains throughout all of the adulthood stages which include: primary aging and secondary aging. According to Stoker (2008), primary aging entails the ordinary, innate body progression from early maturity till death; but, secondary aging comprise progression linked with health habits, disease and/or environmental influences. During middle age aging begins to be considered in decline and loss in lieu of maturation and growth (Stoker, 2008). Nonetheless, Stoker states that some neurological and physiological advancement associated with it which never passes till early maturity. For example, reaction blockage in the frontal lobes as synchronized by the limbic system is never entirely developed till young adulthood, as well as (VO2 max) heart and lung power which does never get to optimal heights until the young adult years. Stoker (2008) hints that immune functioning related to B cell and T ce ll also counts young adults aging. In the middle mature age secondary aging starts to have an important effect on the functioning of body neurology and physiology. A case in point is where both behavior and lifestyle choices, like alcoholism and depression, can impact significantly on neurological structure as well as cognitive ability (Stoker, 2008). During later adulthood, it is realized that the deprivation of dendrite redundancy, do correspond to a fall in synaptic plasticity, which in turn starts to effect concrete real-world reaction times. In addition, presbyopia and presbycusis is far-off more superior during the later adult years. According to Stoker (2008) this is partly due to blood flow loss to the areas affected and collective environmental factors, like time of working in very noisy factories, etc The physical developments which come about during adolescence period are brought about through the introduction of gonadotrophic hormones. This hormone is released by the pituitary gland of the endocrine glands, particularly during the onset and the entire duration of puberty (Boyd Bee, 2006). According to Boyd and Bee (2006), the release of hormones such as testosterone in boys and estrogen in girls do cause the manifestation of both principal and secondary sex uniqueness by about the age of adolescent. Indeed during the first few years of puberty, the male and female reproductive organs matures up and are capable of respectively producing sperm in boys and ovum in girls. In the early adolescence stage, young women do begin their menarche (menstrual cycle). Moreover, the cerebral cortex does thicken for the duration of adolescence and by extension some parts of the brain is myelinated; and brings with it supplementary effectiveness in the neural pathways (Boyd Bee, 2006). Physically, there is also a notable heave in both lung and heart size and a decline in the rate of heart beat. In addition, at adolescence the bones situated in the forelimbs mature to nearly adult levels, with maturity startlingly occurring more rapidly in girls than boys. This hand bone maturity gives a timely boost in coordination. On the other hand, boys do outpace girls in development as well as thickening of the muscle during the adolescent ages, resulting into a surge in the strength of boys. What are the major milestones related to cognitive developments in early and middle childhood? How does cognitive changes from early to middle childhood? Physical development in a child attracts corresponding augment in cognitive abilities of the cerebral cortex and by extension neural pathways. It is highly believed that correlation exists between physical development and cognitive development. For instance, a French speaking Swiss psychologist, Jean Piaget did trust that the cerebral expansion spurts which occur during adolescence stage of human growth brings with a novel stage of cognitive development which he referred to as the formal operational stage. According to Piaget, during this formal operational stage an adolescent duly begins to grasp both abstract logic and reasoning (Patterson, 2008). Besides, it is during adolescence stage that the aptitude to control memory as well as cognitive activities begins to bear fruits in the areas such as memorization, text learning and even face recognition. Further still, amplifications in working memory competence give the adolescent the capacity to comprehend figurative language, proverb s and metaphors. Whats more, advances in supposed logic permits an adolescent to guess the perceived effect of some actions and even behaviors. According to Patterson (2008), these advances allow for the accomplishment of invented audiences (mainly built from an apparent peer group). In This manner the adolescent has the rare ability to theorize and memorize about other individuals perceptions and by extension impressions of themselves; while, a little child only manages to view situations, circumstances and behaviors from their personal perspective. Patterson (2008) further hints that cognitive developmental advances are also directly connected to both experience and learning. That this applies mainly to higher-level cognitive abilities like abstraction that relies to a considerable degree on formal education. What role does Piagets Cognitive Development Theory and Vygotskys Social Constructivist Approach play in understanding cognitive development in early and middle childhood? Vygotsky was a theorist who posited that children gain knowledge via hands-on experience, just as Jean Piaget promptly suggested. However, as opposed to Jean Piaget, he did argue that prompt as well as responsive involvement by the mature adults once a child is on the periphery of learning a new task might duly assist the child learn new tasks. He called this Social Constructivist Approach which deals with the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). His Social Constructivist Approach helps understand and builds upon the knowledge already children have with the new knowledge that the adults can aid the child to learn (Vygotsky, 1998). A very good example where a parent can assist a child is when the parent â€Å"helps† a child to clap or merely roll its hands till it can clap and roll its hands alone (Cultural, Communication, and Cognition: Vygotskian Perspectives, 1985). Vygotskys principal focus was on the cultural role in influencing the pattern of the development of the child. Vygotsky claimed that any single function in the cultural development child does appear twice: initially, at the social phase (between people), and later, at the personality stage (inside the child). Vygotsky also posited that cognitive development was a gradual process which saw era of predicament in child growth during which time there is a valuable transformation in the mental functioning of a child (Vygotsky, 1998). On the other hand, Swiss theorist Jean Piaget did pose reliably that a child learns aggressively via the play process. That it has to interact with the environment. He suggested on that regard that the role of mature adult in helping out the child get knowledge was merely to facilitate and if need be provide suitable learning materials to enable the child to interact with the surrounding and at the same time construct. Piaget actually applied Socratic questioning to engage the child to reflect and reproduce on what initially they were doing. He would attempt to get the child to see inconsistencies in their explanations. He further developed developmental stages. Piagets approach is applied in school curriculum sequencing and by extension in the preschool centers of pedagogy. What are the major milestones related to socioemotional development in early and middle childhood? What types of changes occur in peer relationships from early to middle childhood? According to Stoker Coy (Sunday, October 4, 2009), there exists 3 levels which bare 2 sub-stages each to give details regarding moral development all through an individuals lifetimes: 1) Conventional level-Stage i: interpersonal conformity, mutual interpersonal expectations and relationships; Stage ii: conscience and Social system (known as the Law and Order). 2) Preconventional level-Stage i: punishment and obedience orientation; Stage ii: Instrumental purpose, exchange and individualism and finally the Postconventional level-Stage i: Social contract or utility and individual rights; Stage ii: Universal ethical principles. Stoker writes that these progresses in moral reasoning do overlap, concurrently exist, and further begin and end over a lifetime. Nevertheless, he hints that certain general rules applicable are that children never reason usually over stages (i) or (ii) of level 2, and that nearly all adults reason at stages (i) and (ii) of level 1, the Conventional level. It is t he third stage, the postconventional moral reasoning stage which is in the immeasurable minority including the adult population. However, it constitutes those who believe that there exist a set of moral pronouncements that surpass all other concerns. Peer friendships turn out to be greatly important and quite central to social world of a child in the adolescent years. Stoker Coy (Sunday, October 4, 2009) writes that adolescents do highly price virtues like loyalty and faithfulness while in peer relationships and even tend to obtain friends with whom they share same beliefs on things like drug use, academic, sex, smoking, achievement, relational status, as well as echelon of social skills. Additionally, peer group conformity climaxes at about the age13 years and apparently fades when an adolescent develops enough self-esteem and consequently begins to build a concrete and substantial idea of self (Stoker Coy (Sunday, October 4, 2009). To recognize Kohlbergs justice and also Eisenbergs empathy Stoker states that the development of emotion as well as moral rationale like role-taking skills, do assist with the control of anger and the evasion of unsociable behavior. In that regard Stoker hints that if an adolescent for instance is able to be taught to see clearly a certain situations from another individuals perspective, then such a person is a lot more likely to evade delinquent behavior. How can families impact the development of young children? Monumentally, families nurture, shape and model children into who they later become. For that matter, good influence can be encouraging whereas bad influence can be motivating. Both types of influences can bare positive and/or negative impact. For instance, a child brought up in an abusive and alcoholic home might grow into a doctor focusing on victims of abuse, or they may perhaps become an abuser or alcoholic themselves. In this case, it can go either way. However, either way it is duly influenced by their family and general background. Besides, if a family have good manner then chances are high the child will emulate and practice it in the future since the child have stages of growth and they grasp ideas swiftly. Without a family, a child never actually knows what is expected of him and/or what to expect from others. Devoid of order and kind, solid discipline, the child might fail to develop self-discipline. As a result, he could become unmotivated, out of control, and crave excit ement. His life may well be another roller-coaster journey. Cadigan (April 25, 2008) writes that the attributes that children obtain directly from parents or other mature family members are fourfold. They include personality, physical and cognitive abilities, behavioral health as well as race and/or ethnicity. She suggests that family is obliged to provide both formal and informal support to the child. The child also grasps and eventually acquires physical and cognitive abilities of family members including the members behavioral health. Since child forms the basis of learning and apparently children generally learn very first, they acquire learn and get the economic status of the member of their family (Cadigan April 25, 2008). The members of a family should therefore practice desired attributes they would like to be depicted in their infants. References: Boyd, D. and Bee, H. (2006). Lifespan development. 4th Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Allyn Bacon. Cadigan Karen. (April 25, 2008). Early Childhood Policies from Ecological and Family Impact Perspectives. Retrieved May 23, 2010. Cultural, Communication, and Cognition: Vygotskian Perspectives. (1985). Cambridge University Press. Retrieved May 23, 2010. Kail, R.E (2006). Children and Their Development. 4 Ed. Prentice Hall. Retrieved May 23, 2010. Patterson C (2008). Child Development. New York: McGraw-Hill. Stoker Coy. (Sunday, October 4, 2009). Adolescence and Adulthood Developmental Stages Vygotsky, L.S. (1998). Child psychology. The collected works of L. S. Vygotsky: Vol. 5. Problems of the theory and history of psychology. New York: Plenum.

Challenging Logistics And Supply Chain Management Commerce Essay

Challenging Logistics And Supply Chain Management Commerce Essay The supply chain can be defined as being a group of partners who collectively convert a basic commodity into a finished product that is of value to the end user. In the supply chain each partner must perform a task which adds value to the final product/service (Harrison, Van Hoek, 2008). The supply chain is viewed as a single entity rather than a series of fragmented elements such as procurement, manufacturing and distribution. Logistics management could be seen to include the long-term decisions and plans needed for reform, whereas the supply chain includes the more operational elements. In a supply chain, every partner ought to add value to the finished productservice through some process or procedure (Harrison and Van Hoek, 2008). Elements of Logistics Management: Storage, warehousing, material handling. Packaging and utilization. Inventory. Transport. Information and control. Source: Lecture Slide 1, Logistics strategy M32 SOR. Aim Research the strategic position of Diageo Plc from a logistics context in order to develop a suitable logistics strategy. Objectives: Research analyse a UK based brewerys current strategic position from a logistics perspective. Evaluate the key strategic approaches to logistics management that could be used by a UK based brewery. Identify the management issues caused by implementing a new logistics strategy with consideration for available capital, technical and human resources Outline the strategic significance of new technology developments and business trends on future logistic strategies for a retailer. Prepare and submit the report Diageo Plc- Background Diageo Plc is the leading beer, spirits, and wine company in the world. The company has a well diversified portfolio of alcoholic beverages and stock brands such as Josà © Cuervo, Smirnoff, Captain Morgan, Johnnie Walker, Baileys, JB, Tanqueray, Bushmills Irish, Beaulieu Vineyard, Sterling Vineyards wines and Guinness (www.diageo.com). Diageo is listed both on the London Stock Exchange (DGE) as well as the New York stock Exchange (DEO). Diageo has a wide brand portfolio. The company strives to maintain its leadership position and provide value to the customer. Diageo has manufacturing plants spread across countries and continents including United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, India, Africa, Caribbean, United States of America and Australia.  The company had worldwide sales worth  £8.09 billion in the year 2008. It operates in 180 markets in five continents across the globe (www.diageo.com). Diageo Plc was created when two of the most established breweries- Guiness Plc and Grand Metropolitan Plc- merged to form the present company in 1997. The company was then reorganised in 2004 into three distinct strategic business divisions, namely, Diageo Europe, Diageo North America and Diageo International. In 2005, Diageo acquired the oldest distillery in Ireland called Bushmills Distillery. In 2006, the company expanded into Russia and got a majority stake in Smirnov vodka business (www.diageo.com). Logistics strategy: A logistics strategic framework is aimed at aligning the different partners of a supply chain in a manner so as to meet and match the customers evolving demands. The objectives of such a logistics strategic framework are: Capital reduction: It implies increasing the returns on investments made in logistics assets. Cost reduction: It is to minimiseoptimise the costs associated with storage and movement of goods and supplies. Improvement in Service: it involves processes so as to achieve customer satisfaction. Competitive Structure and Competitors The international drinks and beverages market has players, such as Pernod Ricard, Bacardi, Brown Forman Co-operation, Moet-Hennessey (LVMH), and Fortune Brands (Beam Global). Pernod Ricard is a Paris-based multinational company which in 2008, acquired a Swedish company, V S Group, the makers of Absolut vodka. Brown-Forman Co-operation is one of the largest USA-based manufacturers of alcoholic beverages. In 2007, it acquired a Mexican company, Tequila Herradura, to add tequila drinks to its portfolio (Business Insights, 2009) Bacardi, headquartered in Hamilton, Bermuda is well known for its brand of rums. It is a family-owned multinational company operating in over 100 countries. Moet-Hennessey is manufacturer of spirits under the Paris-based parent company, LVMH (the largest retailer of luxury goods in the world). Fortune Brands are America-based manufacturers of wines and spirits and acquired many brands from UK-based Allied Domecq in 2005 (Business Insights, 2009). Diageo: Strategic Positioning An understanding of Diageos overall strategic positioning can help us in designing a logistics management strategy. Evaluation of the overall strategy is a precursor to develop a concurrent logistics strategy aligned with the companys long term vision. Generic Strategies for Diageo using Ansoff Analysis C:UsersuserDesktoprohit gulatibreweryansoff.jpg As is evident from the Ansoff matrix, Diageo has the following strategies: Consolidation of its position and market penetration in mature markets such as USA and Europe where it is well established. It is doing so both by organic as well as inorganic growth strategies. It is looking at newer territories and emerging markets such as Africa and Asia for market development of its existing products. It is developing products in mature markets so as to increase the share of wallet of the consumer. An example is RTD or ready-to-drink beverages, such as Smirnoff Ready-to-Drink beverage. Porters Five Forces Model Michael Porter developed his Five Forces model in 1979 to help businesses understand competition in a more comprehensive manner. Diagrammatically, it can be represented as follows: Source: Johnson Scholes 6th ed, exhibit 3.4 The model, when applied to Diageo Plc, helps understand the company environment and competition as follows: Bargaining Power of Suppliers: this is low as Diageo is an established company with a large market share and strong brand name. To gain advantage over its suppliers, it enters into long term contracts. Bargaining Power of Buyers: this is low as Diageo now positions itself as a manufacturer of premium and super-premium spirits and other alcoholic beverages. The market share of premium and super-premium brands of Diageo increased by 4.5% and 11% respectively. Threat of Competitors: it is high as it has a few international competitors in the form of Pernod Ricard, Brown-Forman and Bacardi. Major mergers and acquisitions have occurred in the alcoholic beverage industry leading to fewer players with extended brand portfolios and cross-border capabilities. Threat of Substitutes: This is low as alcoholic beverages are a socially acceptable form of intoxication that is not acceptable with any other substance. Threat of New Entrants: it is low as entry barriers are high in the form of increased regulation, increasing need of marketing by beverage companies to inform customers and increasing competitive nature of the industry. Please refer to Appendix A for further reading on competitiveness. Development of Existing Logistics Capabilities The environment under which Diageo functions is dynamic and changing rapidly. The characteristics that define its environment that one needs to understand to develop the logistics strategy are as follows: Expectations of service levels are increasing Consumers are becoming more sophisticated. Government regulations are becoming more stringent Commodity price pressures and intense competition cause opposite effects on price, affecting margins. Logistics can be of immense value to a company if approached in a correct and definitive manner. Its importance for various businesses has now increased from merely a cost incurring but necessary function to: An activity to generate significant cost savings. An activity with the potential to increase sales and customer satisfaction. A marketing tool to gain sustainable competitive advantage. The costs incurred by Diageo can be broadly understood as follows: C:UsersuserDesktoprohit gulatibrewerycogs.jpg Source: Gosnell, Investor Relations Conference, 2005 The global supply and logistics strategy also includes people and processes which Diageo classifies as Partners for growth (Gosnell, Investro Relations Conference, 2005). These can be classified as follows: Key Enablers: These are associated with people, processes and attitudes such as collaboration, teamwork, responsiveness and capability development. Qualifiers: These include protecting brand as well as Diageo reputation through maintaining brand quality, brand integrity, corporate citizenship and other such means. It may also include the resolve of the company to deliver competitive service to the customer at the right value. Winners: these include processes to reduce end-to-end supply chain costs, overall costs, driving technology and research and ability to execute the strategy as expected. The various features of this strategy implemented by Diageo in inbound as well as outbound logistics and value creation are as follows: Reducing the overall cost of goods sold: Diageo has set a target of 2% real cost reduction each year. The philosophy here is that savings can come from all components of the supply chain such as procurement, logistics, manufacturing and brand value, each of which will be subsequently looked into. The large scale operations of Diageo provide it with an advantage in all these areas. Procurement: Glass and energy are two largest components of Diageos cost of goods. To control energy costs, it uses forward purchasing; spot purchasing as well as short term tactical purchasing. For glass supply assurance and price control, it entered a strategic relationship with Owens-Illinois and gave it the preferred supplier status. At the same time, it developed alternate supplier relations as well such as with Altajir, based in Europe, with which it entered a 3 to 5 year deal. Also, Diageo also leveraged newer supply sources from Asia and Eastern Europe as these emerging economies are reliable on quality, pricing, service and innovation. As an example, this has led to 40%-50% cost saving on cartons, 20% on crowns and 15%-20% on casings. Manufacturing: Diageo tries to maximise the benefits of economies of scale. It has larger but fewer manufacturing facilities, thus having high fixed costs but low variable costs. It has sold or closed 11 facilities in Europe, 5 in North America and 3 in Asia/Africa. In the rest of the manufacturing plants, it has tried to fully optimise the advantages of the Diageo scale; e.g.: Shieldhall, Scotland is the largest volume spirits packaging plant but still has only 7 lines. Logistics: Diageo uses the pilot principles involving a central hub warehouse that can supply to the surrounding markets. These warehouses are strategically located and use cross-border shipments to meet demand. This model also minimises costs by maximising throughput. This has led to 20% reduction in manpower requirements, 25% reduction in stock and enhanced service performance. An example of the pilot principles model in Europe for Diageo is as follows: C:UsersuserDesktoprohit gulatidIAGEO_brewery_3250warehouse.jpg Source: Gosnell, Investor Relations Conference, 2005 Brand Value and Value Engineering: An example of value engineering would be the Guinness can size that was reduced by 7%, weight reduced by 1% without loss of volume held. JW bottles glass weight was reduced by 22% as another example. This has led to reduction in packaging, hauling and shipping costs. Also, Diageo intends to create value for its customers while preserving its brand image. It intends to do so through Improving existing quality standards Implementing environmental management systems Crisis management simulations for business resilience Optimise supply flexibility Strategic Approaches to Logistics Management There are two motivations suggested for designing a logistics strategy (Whittington 1993). These included the goals of setting the logistics strategy and how deliberate the processes were of setting the logistics strategy. A matrix was hence developed and helped firms evaluate the logistics strategy. Benchmarking Diageo can utilise benchmarking to evaluate its logistics performance in comparison to its competitors or companies from different industries altogether. Benchmarking can be defined as a process of continuously measuring and comparing ones business performance against comparable processes in leading organizations to obtain information that will help the organization identify and implement improvements (Benson 1998). Benchmarking can also be understood as a process for identification of best practices by comparing key performance indicators for a specific activity across organisations and using these performance levels as inputs for corporate goal setting (Gourdin, 2001) Diageo can utilise this to compare its practices with respect to other companies, industries or markets. Benchmarking can be used in a variety of logistic processes such as warehouse operations, mode and carrier selection, order processing, forecasting and packaging. However, certain steps need to be ensured before em barking on benchmarking (Gourdin, 2001). These are as follows: Defining the present performance level of the benchmarked activity. Determining the level of performance desired in this activity to be benchmarked. Determining what improvements can be made and to be made Determining how to make the desired improvements to achieve desired performance levels. Estimate and set a time frame for the completion of the process. Collaboration/Co-operation Collaboration is the most sophisticated form of electronic integration. If electronic integration occurs at all levels, namely strategic, tactical and operational, it is called as collaboration. It helps the supply chain members to come together so as to better forecast future demand and to design plans and implement them to meet these demands. The members can collaborate on new product planning, demand forecasting and replenishment planning. Collaboration allows information to be rapidly exchanged and hence, all participants of the collaboration have access to updated and latest information. It can also help to reduce costs and the data fed into the system can be used for monitoring and feedback activities. The co-operative approach simply refers to the degree of external and internal collaboration among the supply chain members. Partnerships/Alliances Companies now realise the concept of strategic long term relationship with suppliers. The underlying reason for this realisation is the need to improve customer service or add value to the finished product. An alliance is said to be strategic when it is strategic in focus and also directly supports one of the partners distinctive core competencies (Grant et al, 2006). Partnerships not only help the members in sharing information, knowledge and experience but also aid in lowering the risks for any one player. Diageo, as motioned previously, has a long term partnership with Owen-Illinois, a USA-based glass manufacturing company. It has been accorded special supplier status and given a contract for 3 years. It has also increased the scale of Owen-Illinois. Diageo can forge similar partnerships with various other members of its supply chain. Just in time (JIT) A JIT-based program aims at ensuring that the right quantities are produced at the right time and reach the consumer at the right moment of need so that there is no waste. Waste has been defined in JIT programs as anything that does not add value to the end product. One unit more or less than needed is considered as waste. Total Quality Management is a concept whose principle is concurrent with those of JIT and both may need to be implemented simultaneously so as to add value to companys operations. A successful and functional JIT program, however, needs the following to be achieved by the company: Steady production Flexible resources No machine breakdowns Reliable suppliers High quality product/service Rapid machine set-ups Discipline to maintain every of the above functions running over a continuum Implementation of JIT For JIT to be successful in Diageo, adaptation of the JIT concepts in its environmental set up is essential. The main concepts of eliminating waste, quick changeovers, flexibility in resources and partnering with suppliers have to be realised and has been described as a two-stage process (Gourdin, 2001). Establish foundations (this refers to quality, low cost, minimum lead times, flexibility: these can be achieved through Total Quality Management, flexible and trained workforce, reduction in setup time and focus on design). Core Techniques (pull scheduling, multi-functional workforce, JIT purchasing). JIT is a volume and demand driven program. It requires a certain level of stable demand for it to be successful. It cannot be implemented in a business that has unique orders or low volumes of operation. Moreover, companies should strive to improve JIT systems as technology advances. Lean Management First introduced by Toyota Production Systems, lean management is a concept of reducing waste and non-value adding activities from the value chain. The main elements of lean management are small batch size production, pull creation and reduction in variability. It says that a pull is created when a customer demands a product and only that should lead to production, thus reducing stock wastes and large inventories or batch sizes. Two very important principles associated with lean management are kaizen (continuous improvement) and kaikaku (radical improvement). This encourages improvement in the processes on incremental as well as radical levels. Lean management helps in reducing lead times and reduce variability in demand, supply and manufacturing by standardisation of procedures. Value Chain Analysis: Source: Johnson et al, 2008 The concept of a value chain was developed by Michael Porter. He suggested that the functions in an organisation can be split into primary activities concerned with creation and delivery of product and service and supporting activities (Johnson et al, 2008). The value chain analysis helps the company identify its various components of the value chain and what are the activities at which value added can be increased. A fundamental value chain for Diageo can look like this: C:UsersuserDesktoprohit gulatibreweryvaluechain.jpg Issues relevant to the development of strategies Integration of logistics strategy with corporate and business level strategies is essential for success of all these strategic outlooks. Diageo has integrated logistics strategy with the overall corporate strategy to streamline procurement, manufacturing and delivery operations (Gosnell, 2005). It has helped Diageo become the largest player in the international alcohol beverage market. However, scope for further improvement always exists. A Step Model can be used by Diageo to develop and assess its logistics strategy and identify its strengths and loopholes. What Diageo must realise is that there are certain factors in the supply chain that are beyond the control of the company. Trying to manage such factors by the management can lead to waste creation and loss of value. These can include increased competitive pricing and product pressures, unanticipated actions by competitors that can dent Diageos market share or size, legal and regulatory changes and many others. Management Issues Caused by Implementing Newer Strategies New strategy implementation can directly affect the capital, technical and human resources of a company. Good leadership during change as well as effective communication can help implement the change in an efficient manner. During implementation and modification of logistics strategy, due importance should be given to HR management and other organisational issues. Ignorance of HR issues is the most common, yet often ignored cause of failure to implement changes in strategy, even when they denote improvement over previous processes. These issues such as recruitment, training and appraisal, autonomy, flexibility and reward systems are important factors to be taken into consideration to enable smoother transitions. Specific to logistics, the management should review the current staffing and skills, allocation and training of staff, as well as current recruitment criteria and procedures. It should also consider the impact of market pull and technological push on the strategy design and p lan. Likewise, operational issues have to be monitored and requirements in terms of people, capital and equipment resources have to be met. These are necessary for any new tactically significant operations the company plans to undertake. Force field analysis can also be used to help stakeholders accept the change and understand the requirements, implications and resistances to the change in strategy. The model also suggests that there are two forces primarily in the business field, namely, driving force and resistance force. The management should strive to increase the strength of the former and reduce that of the latter while implementing change. Collaboration can play a significant role in the implementation of change. This is so because the companys suppliers and customers are also stakeholders in the company and can resist change. Internal collaboration, intercompany collaboration and electronic collaboration should be implemented while keeping in mind the ECR (efficient consumer response). New Technology Implementation and Future Trends in Logistics Strategy Diageo, due to its international and cross border supply chain should now focus on localised supply chains and distribution systems. This can help reduce haulage and shipping costs. Employment of low cost communications and cost computing technologies can aid in this endeavour and also help in increasing capability to extend product variety. Diageo has to be agile and flexible to incorporate these and any such positive technological advances. This can lead to increased pressure on cost-efficient, strategically beneficial logistics management due to increasing competition. As a result, increased pressures may be felt on supply chain networks viz. replenishment ordering, continuous ordering and supply flows, cross docking and stockless warehousing with product tracking (Harrison, Van Hoek, 2008). Scenario planning is a simulation attempt to generate realistic and plausible situations of the industry. Diageo can use it to simulate various market conditions, future situations and competitor capabilities. Such an uncertainty-based scenario matrix is highle effective in evaluation-based planning over the medium and long term. RFID Radio frequency Identification is used by Diageo wherever plausible. However, Diageo should try and implement the technology in all markets for more efficient product tracking, demand tracking and supply chain flexibility. It also helps in rapidly collecting data about demand levels and consumption patterns in various markets. RFID is a wireless technology that uses radio signalling for electronic identification and object labelling (Harrison, Von Hoek, 2008). This system works in alignment to the organisations information systems. This helps in improving business processes such as supply chain management while relaying significant market data. RFID systems primarily consist of three components: Transponders: These are also called as contactless data carriers or Tags. They can carry information data feeded into them and identify objects to which they are attached. Readers: These devices communicate with the RFID tags and read the information stored in them. Software Applications: These are the applications that feed and retrieve the data from a tag via the readers. RFID vs. Barcodes RFID are a technological advancement over barcode. The RFID tags can store as much information as a barcode can and sometimes more. Information carried by barcodes cannot be edited. In case of RFID tags information can be edited or updated. Moreover, this function can be repeatedly performed without any loss of data or damage to tags memory. The security systems inbuilt in the RFID systems are also better as it uses tags uses authentication and encrypted data transfer methods. ERP Baheshti, 2006 defined an ERP system as a collection of business applications, which links various business units of an organisation such as financial, accounting, manufacturing, sales and marketing and human resources into a tightly integrated single system with a common platform for streamlined flow of information across the entire business. Reengineering of companies is facilitated through ERP systems so that they are in a better position to empower employees, satisfy needs and demands of the customers and create better business value (Willis and Willis-Brown, 2002) ERP systems helps create reenergized companies that are in a position to better serve customers, empower employees, and drive greater business value (Willis and Willis-Brown, 2002). Since Diageo has three separate business units catering to different geographical regions, the task of collecting and analysing data is a daunting one at Diageo. ERP system can integrate these data flows across all the business units and their various divisions so as to better understand the industry events and design and/or modify strategy accordingly. It can thus act as a competitive advantage to the company in the long run by better understanding of the international market place and varied needs and requirements of the consumers across borders. This can thus help in driving Diageos overall operational efficiency and functional effectiveness. References: Presentation by David Gosnell, Managing Director, Diageo Global Supply, Investor Relations Conference, November 2005 Business Insights, The Top 10 Spirits Companies: Industry Trends and Growth Strategies of Leading Players, April 2009 Presentation by Stuart Fletcher, President, Diageo International, April 2009 Baheshti, H. M. (2006) What Managers Should Know About ERP/ERPII: Management Research News. Vol. 29(4) [online] available from Fenn, D. (2005) 10 edn. Key Note. Hampton: Key Note Ltd Gourdin, k. (2001) Global Logistics Management. Oxford: Blackwell Grant, D., Lambert, D., Stock, J., Ellram, L. (2006) Fundamentals of logistics Management. Berkshire: McGraw Hill Education Harrison, A., Van Hoek, A. (2008) 3 edn. Logistics Management and Strategy. Essex: Pearson Education Johnson, G., Scholes, K. and Whittington, R. (2008) 8th edn. Exploring Corporate Strategy. England: Pearson Education Rushton, A., Croucher, P., Baker, P. (2006) 3 edn. The Handbook of Logistics and Distribution Management. London: Kogan Willis, H. Willis-Brown, H. A. (2002) Extending the value of ERP: Journal of Industrial Management Data Systems, [online] Available from www.diageo.com.

Macbeth :: essays research papers

The William Shakespeare play  ³Macbeth, ² depicted Macbeth as a loyal subject of King Duncan and his homeland of Scotland. Duncan was so pleased with Macbeth ¹s actions during the war that he was named the Thane of Cawdor, a title not far from king. Soon after, he wrote a letter to his wife that would make his future blood stained. Macbeth told her about the possibility of becoming king and in-turn hooked her on the idea. She then did everything in her power to give Macbeth the crown of Scotland.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Duncan ¹s gratitude for the deeds of Macbeth were displayed when Duncan announced,  ³Would thou hadst less deserved, that the proportion both of thanks and payment might have been mine! Only I have left to say, more is thy due than more than all can pay. (p.34) ² The last sentence of his quote said that he deserved more than everyone could have given him. Duncan ¹s thankfulness resulted in raising the title of Macbeth from Thane of Glamis to that of Cawdor. Only one title then separated him from being next in line to the throne, the Prince of Cumberland.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Macbeth could not help but notice how close he was to being king and hinted his ambition to have the title in his letter to Lady Macbeth. He wrote,  ³...came missives from the King, who all-hailed me Thane of Cawdor, by which title, before, these weyard sisters saluted me, and referred me to the coming on of time with Å’Hail, King that shalt be! ² Since the witches had predicted Macbeth gaining Thane of Cawdor, he believed they might be right about him replacing Duncan, as the letter continues,  ³This have I thought good to deliver thee, my dearest partner of greatness, that thou mightst not lose the dues of rejoicing by being ignorant of what greatness is promised thee. Lay it to heart, and farewell. (p.35-36) ² This passage also portrays Macbeth ¹s trust in his wife when he addresses her as,  ³...my dearest partner of greatness,... ² His trust in Lady Macbeth later allowed her to convince him to murder Duncan. Macbeth believed her when she said,  ³We fail? But screw your courage to the sticking place and we ¹ll not fail, (p. 42) ² which confirmed the deal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Immediately after Lady Macbeth reads the letter from her husband, the idea of their royalty sets in. She says,  ³Glamis thou art, and Cawdor, and shalt be what thou art promised.

Viet Nam Essay -- essays research papers

Tactics in Vietnam were an important factor in the victory of the Vietcong over the U.S. There were fundamental differences in their fighting methods, which the Vietcong were able to take full advantage of. The Vietcong used Guerrilla warfare, this meant that they used their knowledge of the area they were fighting in to hinder the U.S. The U.S army had been used to conventional warfare, in the form of bouts of fighting. Guerrilla warfare meant that they had to be constantly alert and Booby traps meant that many soldiers died and witnessed horrific deaths. This was naturally unnerving for the soldiers concerned, particularly so because many of the soldiers were young and inexperienced. The technology of the U.S was far superior to that of the Vietcong and yet it was ultimately ineffectual. One weapon, which the U.S thought would be important, was Bombs. At first the U.S bombed specific targets. When they realized that had little effect, they began blanket bombing, this was known as ‘Operation Rolling Thunder’. Massive amounts of explosives were dropped on Vietnam, three times as much explosives was dropped than on Germany and Japan put together during World War 2. However, the Vietcong countered this with anti-aircraft guns, surface to air missiles, aid from soviet planes, and a network of tunnels. The U.S believed these to be simply to take cover from the bombing, in-fact they were also effectively used to ambush the U.S. Bombing had very little effect on the Vietcong ...

A word on racism

Past week was United Nations day. The point of this holiday is to celebrate our heritage, to bring conformity, to create unity among a species which finds the very notion difficult. It is a holiday meant to put aside differences and to reach out to those next to you. To take their hands and with them lead forward into a place where those among us can be treated as equals. That was the reason for the hands. There were so many hands; each a different color, pasted all over the walls, the table, the pillar holding up the ceiling in the small lounge area. Each one bore a name. As I walked past, on my way to a class to which I was desperately late, I passed a table. At that table sat five or so students, each with a hand, each writing their name as well as their race upon it. â€Å"Come, make a hand!† the girl at the table cheerily ordered me as she passed me a limp cardboard cutout of an appendage. I shook my head. â€Å"No thanks.† At that I got an odd look. It was as if she were wondering, ‘why wouldn't someone want to make one of these?' She was puzzled, but persistent. She shoved the hand toward me again and I bristled. Not the best move, but involuntary. â€Å"I said I don't want to make one.† I turned my shoulder. I tried my best to convey with my body language, my eyes, my tone of voice, that I would not be swayed. She frowned. Scowled almost. â€Å"You must be some kind of racist. Whatever.† â€Å"Give me that.† I grabbed at the cardboard cutout almost fiercely. I sat at the table, pulled an assortment of markers toward me, and began writing. To hell with being late to class. I didn't care anymore. It took me but seconds to finish the hand and to give it back to the girl. She frowned at me once again. â€Å"This isn't what you're supposed–† â€Å"–I have a right to have it up there just like everyone else.† She shrugged. It seemed she sensed she had lost the argument. She took the hand and stapled it to a sheet of blue paper hanging on the wall. I found then, and only then, that I was disgusted by the whole principle. How is it, as a society, that the things that are supposed to make us the same turn out to make us different? It was that factor alone that disgusted me. Those hands were meant to bring us together, but instead they merely focused on our differences. Black. White. Hispanic. We are not color blind. We have an innate ability to separate. To label as good or bad the color of one's skin. On a holiday meant to represent unity, we were instead separating ourselves. That was the reason I made my hand different. The reason I ignored the boundaries and instead labeled the hand with something that the girl considered to be ‘racist'. The reason I chose to be equal. After all, how are we to be equal if we only focus on the things that make us unequal? It should not be the color of one's skin but the quality of that person that makes each unique. That hand said only one thing.

Insect Classifying Arthropods Virtual

Introduction to Biology stool Julie Maxwell Classifying Arthropods Virtual lab (Week 8) Go to the side by side(p) website for consummation http//www. mhhe. com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs/BL_18/BL_18. html Upon completion of the Classifying Arthropods Virtual Lab, please answer the following questions thoroughly using complete sentences and seemly grammar and spelling. Data Table Body Sections(1,2,3, or >3) Walking Legs (6,8 or >8) Other Appendages Antennae(0,2 or 4) Claws Present? Jaws Present? Class car park Name prototype 1 type 2 Specimen 3 Specimen 4 Beach Hopper Questions 1. many species of arachnids atomic number 18 predators, but confirm no teeth or jaws. How do they stupefy nutrients from their prey? They inject venom in the prey that paralyzes them then the predators suck come forth the nutrients they need. 2. Arthropods are the most diverse radical of physicals. Describe some characteristics of arthropods that may have contri buted to their great evolutionary success.The body segmented, the segments commonly grouped in two or three rather distinct regions qualification them highly mobile. * Paired segmented appendages (from which the phylum gets its name) qualification them ambulate & walk easily. * zygomorphic symmetry making them relate to the purlieu quite easily. * A chitinous exoskeleton, which is sporadically shed and renewed as the wildcat grows making them resistant to shock of cloggy objects. * A tubular nutritive canal, with sassing and anus accounting for good food digestion. The circulative system an open one, the only communication channel vessel usually being a tubular structure dorsal to the alimentary canal with lateral openings in the abdominal region ensures better perfusion and less chances of hematolysis due to their being highly mobile. 3. What are some advantages and disadvantages of having an exoskeleton? Advantages are, the exoskeleton provides a bony shield of armor for support and protection of the hushed internal tissues and organs. Disadvantages it limits the possible sizing of the animal.Since the weighting of an animal is a function of its volume, a doubling of an animals size increases its weight by a cistron of 8. 4. Which of the five classes of arthropods is the most diverse? Explain. class Hexapoda or Hexopoda ( insects) is the most diverse class. at that place are about 900,000 known insect species, three times as many as all other animal species together, and thousands of new ones are described each year. They are commonly grouped in 27 to 32 blesss, depending upon the classification used. The largest order is that of the beetles (Coleoptera).Next, in order of size, are the moths and butterfly (Lepidoptera) the wasps , ants , and bees (Hymenoptera) and the flies and mosquitoes (Diptera). Other major orders are the current bugs (Hemiptera) the cicadas , aphids , and scale insects (Homoptera) the grasshoppers and cricket s (Orthoptera) the cockroaches (Blattodea) and the mantids (Mantodea). 5. For each of the following characteristics, demo whether the trait is common to Phylum Arthropoda or specific to certain classes of arthropods wings, chewing mouthparts, go appendages, number of legs, segmented bodies, type of respiratory structure, exoskeleton.

Underage Binge Drinking In UK Health And Social Care Essay

The mantled of this eyeshot is for the pen to research the political science dodgings in battling the lifting straddles of mild scream boozing in the UK. The reservoir entrust near this subject by briefly analyzing the prevalence, de confinesiners, and make of electric razor thigh-slapper inebriantisming. The occasion forget as well critically analyse spreads in government schemes in undertaking minor drink in and later explicate a insurance polity interposition that would turn to the spreads extravagantlylighted. Ethical consideration of the policy intervention depart at any rate be explored, and later contemplation and decision get out shut the survey. there is no cosmopolitan translation of drunken reveler imbi fleckion, exclusively it is a great deal described as a form of immoderate consumption of heady over a of a sudden former point of clip ( Home Office Findings ( HOFs ) , 2005 ) . parliamentary Office of Science and technology ( POS T ) ( 2005 ) expands this definition farther as much(prenominal) port that leads to a rapid addition in blood alcohol concentration and accordingly to drunkenness. However, the author believes that drunken reveller absorb overtakes when pot buzz off no bound of their alcoholic bever board consumption within a short period ensuing in exposing themselves or/and separatewise passel to retch on the line.Under mount up orgy drink slide bys to amplify in the UK, although the figure of fledge slight mint successiond 11 to 15 who drink alcoholic drink has fallen since 2001 ( matter Institute for health and clinical Excellence ( NICE ) , 2007 ) . However, those that drink alcoholic bever jump on gallop to imbibe more(prenominal) than and more frequently ( HM Government, 2007 In NICE, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to HOFs ( 2006 ) , the nature of offenses among elderly 10 to 17 during or after suck was associated with frequence of suck. Those that drink one time a hebdomad or more reported acquiring involved in statements ( 48 % ) , battles ( 19 % ) and condemnable harm offenses ( 12 % ) during or after sop up comp ard to those that drink amid one and three times a month ( 16 % , 6 % and 4 % severally ) . some other survey squeezen by The European School trace Project on alcoholic drink and other Drugs ( ESPAD ) has examined suck up among representative samples of elderly 15 and 16 in the UK. In 2003 survey, UK was ranked as the 3rd about puerile orgy drinkers out of 35 European states ( Hibell et al. , 2004 ) .There ar some effects of adolescent orgy suck up, and one of this is aesculapian essence. thrust suck up causes encephalon harm that destroys the encephalon cells and grounds suggests that adolescent orgy drinkers ar presumable to see dam season memory and concluding accomplishments ( Institute of inebriant Studies ( IAS ) , 2007 ) . alcoholic drink toxic condition is another(prenominal) common medical status among unripe or gy drinkers. The hazard of cardiovascular, high blood pressure, shots, bosom diseases, psychological jobs, chest and unrehearsed malignant neoplastic diseases are ulterior effects of jejune imbibing on maturity ( IAS, 2007 ) . angiotensin converting enzyme of the economical deductions of orgy imbibing is the cost to the NHS, it is estimated that the cost of heady injury to the NHS in England is ?2.7 billion ( 2006/07 ) as compared to ?1.7 billion in 2001/02 monetary values ( The health and Social wish well Information Centre ( THSCIC ) , 2009 ) . different effects of minor orgy imbibing resultant role in alcoholic beverage connect accidents. For illustration, in 2007, 6,541 deceases in England were straight related to alcohol white plague and this has increase by 19 % mingled with 2001 and 2007 ( THSCIC, 2009 ) . Besides, orgy imbibing consequences in insecure port such as sexual activities and other illicit drug practice session, which is more outstanding with new o rgy drinkers ( IAS, 2007 ) .Determinants OF UNDERAGE rip boozingDahlgren and Whitehead ( 1991 ) ( see appendix ) formulated a utile model to intensively research the determiners of health. It is argued that overt wellness is non chiefly the absence of diseases ( World health Organisation ( WHO ) , 1948 ) and to draw near ways of protracting batch s lives ( Acheson, 1988 ) by dint of the complex inter works between social and economic factors, the physical environment and single behavior every bit fair as immovable factors such as age, sex and hereditary.The extremum of teenage orgy imbibing age seems to happen round elderly 15 and supra. HOFs ( 2006 ) reported that kids aged 16 to 17 reported directing had alcoholic drink in the anile 12 months. This study shows the highest intoxicating economic consumption ( 88 % ) between the age square bracket as compared to kids aged 10 to 13 that arrive the lowest ( 29 % ) . Conversely, kids aged 15 to 16 were utilize in ESPAD s survey, which shows high rate of small orgy imbibing in the UK among these age bracket ( Hibell et al. , 2004 ) .HOFs ( 2005 ) reported that immature males are plausibly to gorge drink ( 49 % ) than immature females ( 39 % ) . However, Hibell et Al. ( 2004 ) argued that UK imbibing refining seems to be switching from immature males devouring alcoholic far more than immature females because figures show that in the UK, Ireland and Isle of Man, adolescent misss are more likely than teenage male childs to retard consumed heady in orgies ( Velleman, 2009 ) .Griffith ( 2000 ) suggested that imbibing has been reported as being contribution of British imbibing culture for coevalss. Plant and works ( 2006 ) argued that most mass in the UK drink alcoholic drinks and the negative effects of this imbibing are cl proto(prenominal) a large job. The imbibing forms are extremely influenced by national civilization ( Velleman, 2009 ) . For illustration, in Mediterranean civilization, im mature mint are most likely to imbibe and imbibe more frequently and neer caused habitual inebriation ( Velleman, 2009 ) whereas in northern European, imbibing is characterised by inordinate imbibing but less frequent and heavier when it does happen ( IAS, 2007 ) .paternal influence was critically explored by Velleman et Al. ( 2005 ) of which habitation aspect was one of the countries where homes can act upon their shrub leagues centerfield use behavior. Hellandsjo Bu et Al. ( 2002 ) stated that kids imbibing at a younger age from single-parent households harbour limited household support. Steinberg et Al. ( 1994 ) argued that non-separated parents who expect a batch from their kids and supply a sense of self-efficacy tend to hold kids who are less likely to be misapplying intoxicant.Environmental factor such as advertizement ( direct and indirect ) is another factor act uponing minor orgy imbibing. Anderson & A Baumberg ( 2006 ) and Hastings ( 2007 ) have suggested in the ir recap that intoxicant advertisement and exchange are important factors in the rise in intoxicant ingestion by immature pack. In contrast, intoxicant and advertisement industries argued that as the alcoholic drink is a legal switch it should be lawfully possible for it to be announce ( IAS, 2008 ) .Other determiners are the influence of tint staff office per unit area ( Velleman, 2009 ) and socio-economic factors ( Measham, 1996 ) every bit solid as single factors ( Ryan, 2005 In IAS, 2007 ) such as unprompted personality traits, populating off from place and to great richness, and increase in orgy imbibing for those who have weak wellness beliefs.Current GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES AND BINGE DrinkingThe quaternary states that constitute UK responded to ways in which lifting rate of orgy imbibing could be controlled. In England, regime published a policy papers in 2004 on Alcohol Harm Reduction system for England ( locker Office Prime Minister s scheme Unit, 2004 ) . Thi s scheme stigmatizes out to turn to better reading and communicating to accomplish a long term alteration in attitudes to irresponsible imbibing. It anyway focuses on better wellness and intervention systems to better early designation and intervention of intoxicant jobs every bit good as to battle intoxicant related offense and working with the intoxicant industry to work up on the good pattern of bing enterprises and develop virgin 1s. Finally, the new licensing jurisprudence that allows 24 hr entrance money to intoxicant was introduced by the authorities in November 2005 ( division for Culture, Media & A Sport, 2005 ) .The authorities maltreat to under return key orgy imbibing focuses on injury minimization but failed to turn to the handiness of intoxicant through its 24 hr licensing jurisprudence and affordability ( POST, 2005 ) . The on-going licensing jurisprudence harmonizing to the authorities tends to trend defeat the pattern of stashing intoxicant merely befor e the shutting hours and besides orient kill the Numberss of people hotfooting into the street to buy intoxicant. The Royal College of medico ( RCP ) strongly disagreed with authorities policy on its 24 hr licensing jurisprudence. It was suggested that this will increase the general ingestion of intoxicant and will hold public wellness deductions ( POST, 2005 ) . Government argued that its intoxicant licensing jurisprudence will cut rectify offense and anti-social behavior and promote a alteration in UK imbibing civilization ( POST, 2005 ) . future(a) the grounds presented above about the effect of orgy imbibing in the UK, it is clear that more certain and grounds based solutions neediness to be adjust in topographic point because the authorities is swear to control intoxicant related offense sooner than seting scheme that would control the overall ingestion of intoxicant in request to safeguard the wellness of the people in general. The authorities policy on intoxicant seems to belie the Ottawa Charter for wellness packaging ( OCHP ) which suggests that all public policies should be examined for its impact on wellness ( WHO, 1986 ) which seems to hold been overlooked by the authorities.Furthermore, the Numberss of people sing intoxicant related injury continue to increase in the UK. For illustration, the Numberss of people deceasing from alcoholic coloured diseases are increasing in England and Wales ( HM Government, 2007 In NICE, 2007 ) . The author feels that if the scheme to control the overall ingestion of intoxicant could be put in topographic point, it will certainly advance what the authorities is swear to accomplish. Peoples should be entitled to good wellness and what orgy imbibing is doing in the UK is beliing what a good wellness should be. WHO ( 1948 ) defines wellness as a province of completed physical, mental and societal wellbeing but non necessarily absence of disease. Alma-Ata declaration argued that people should hold acce ss to healthcare at a cost that is cheap and people going the ownership of their attention ( WHO, 1978 ) . It besides argued that wellness should be a cardinal world right and non a privilege. The authorities s scheme on orgy imbibing seems to miss public wellness benefits as it contradicts Alma-Ata declaration of what a good wellness should be for the people.POLICY INTERVENTIONHarmonizing to Stevenson et Al. ( 2002, p.533 ) policy is a bod of action adopted or proposed by an institution or individual . However, the author argued that a policy is a set of regulation or guideline that is specifically drafted for a peculiar intent for an person, nerve or state to follow.The author will then focal point on beef uping the current authorities scheme as this scheme appears non to be battling adolescent orgy imbibing in the UK.The author aims to suggest a policy to cut mow 24 hours admission price to alcohol ( licencing jurisprudence ) to a restricted clip graduated table and to increase intoxicant revenue enhancements as ways of run offing the handiness of intoxicant and to cut down early intoxicant imbibing. These thoughts are good back up by RCP, British medical examination Association, and Academy of Medical Sciences ( POST, 2005 ) .Presently in the UK, the legal imbibing age is 18 old ages ( Office of communications, 2004 ) and the author is suggesting that the age should be increased to 21 in order to cut down teenage imbibing at early age and its associated injury. There has been a reason in the Australian media proposing increasing the legal age of intoxicant ingestion from 18 to 21 old ages ( Toumbourou, et Al. 2008 ) . Several surveies conducted in the yesteryear suggested that raising the age would cut down striplings entree to alcohol and subsequent associated injuries ( Grube, 1997 Ludbrook et al. , 2002 ) . Lowering the legal imbibing age from 20 to 18 in New Zealand is reported to hold resulted in a crisp addition in teenage and grownup s binge imbibing ( Everitt & A Jones, 2002 ) . The author feels that if this attack is embraced, it will curtail entree to alcohol among elderly 18 to 21 which will part cut down rate of imbibing. However, this action on its ain will non decide the orgy imbibing and all its associated injury.NICE ( 2007 ) produces public wellness guidelines on reasonable intoxicant ingestion for usage in primary and secondary schools in order to undertake the imbibing job among the immature people. The policy besides sets to supply support for intoxicant imbibing parents. It appears that authorities is seeking their best to control the lifting rate of underage imbibing in the UK. However, the author feels that sophisticated intoxicant consciousness programmes should be made easy to the parents through their General Practitioners ( GPs ) . There is no modus operandi on intoxicant consciousness programme for the parents through their GPs and what appears to be available through the GP is to offer s upport when intoxicant is going or had become a job. There is a demand for everyday based intoxicant consciousness for the imbibing parents in all the GP surgeries. This thought is good supported by OCHP which focuses on assisting people develop their accomplishments in order to be in control of their lives and have more power in determinations that affect them ( WHO, 1986 ) . In making this, parents will be able to give advise on intoxicant imbibing as they will take by illustration by non imbibing or carrying intoxicant drinks in the house. Evidence shows that parents are likely to act upon their kids through their imbibing behavior ( Bandura 1977, In Velleman, 2009 ) .The author is besides suggesting that all alcohol related adverts ( direct or indirect ) should be ban in the UK because a recent reappraisal of seven international research surveies revealed that there is a correlation between anterior intoxicant advertisement and selling exposure and subsequent intoxicant imbib ing behavior in immature people ( Smith & A Foxcroft, 2007 ) . Taking actions on intoxicant advertizement in order to safeguard the hereafter of bush leagues are good supported by WHO s European Charter on intoxicant. It addresses the European states to take action on intoxicant advertizement of which forbiddance was component of the recommendations that were highlighted ( IAS, 2008 ) . However, the author is cognizant that this attack might non be in favor of the UK economic system because alcohol investors may go forth or non put in such state where publicity of their intoxicant merchandise can non be advertised. The author believes that overall wellness of the people should outweigh such economic job.Last, the author is suggesting that a step such as presenting a national individuality card for its citizens with a position that this card will be used at the point of intoxicant purchase in order to maintain a record of authorities recommended ( THSCIC, 2009 ) daily alcohol consu mption ( 3-4 and 2-3 units for work forces and enceinte females severally ) for an person who uses his/her card. This proposal will be monitored in relation to daily intoxicants intake should people get down to stash intoxicant. This proposal will besides restrict intoxicant entree to the bush leagues as grounds suggests they still have entree to alcohol despite authorities policy ( HOFs, 2006 ) .Ethical CONSIDERATIONThis survey considers the four widely accepted ethical rules ( Beauchamp & A Childress, 1995 ) which are autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justness. This survey will promote the minor people to do picks based on the instructing provided. The right information will be passed to them and will be allowed to do their informed determinations. The survey is besides constructed in a manner that is good to minor people, household and society at big. The confidentiality and regard of the people will be maintained. Last, the author will batten that people are treate d reasonably and the resources will be shared every bit among those that need support.ContemplationMy apprehension of public wellness and application of supposition into pattern has developed to a considerable story during the class of this survey. This survey seems to be complex and necessitating in-depth knowledge and apprehension of public wellness pattern. With equal homos and natural resources obtained, I was able to bring out troubles that were ab initio apparent. This survey has given acceptance to the spreads that sometimes occur in authorities scheme to battle a job.I am cognizant that for an issue such as minor orgy imbibing to be revisited on the public docket, there may be a demand to recommend and intercede between different involvements for the chase of wellness of the people in the society. Such manner is achieved through media, advertisement to prepare public consciousness, personal entreaties by public functionaries and noted persons and many other attacks ( P encheon et al. , 2006 ) . Although this is non a warrant that such issues will derive public docket but it is suggested that public sentiment has its greatest impact on authorities decision-making when people feel strongly and clearly about a job ( Pencheon et al. , 2006 ) .DecisionThis survey has act to research the lifting rate of underage orgy imbibing by critically measuring the authorities go in undertaking the job, with raised and explored policy intercessions in order to turn to spreads in authorities scheme. It is hoped that the policy intercessions would turn to the overall intoxicant ingestion rather than aiming merely the intoxicant orgy drinkers.MentionsAcheson, D. ( 1988 ) . Public Health in England. capital of the United Kingdom HMSO.Anderson, P. & A Baumberg, B. 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