Space meets knowledge The impact of workplace design On knowledge sharing  The WritePass Journal

Space meets knowledge The impact of workplace design On knowledge sharing ï » ¿ Abstract Space meets knowledge The impact of workplace design On knowledge sharing ï » ¿ ). International companies are recognizing this same value of face to face interaction as the social interaction between management sections, benefits production and development levels world-wide (Noorderhaven and Harzing 2009). In their discussion of social capital, Cohen and Prusak (2001) emphasise the importance of the physical workplace for the exchanging of knowledge, specifically the distribution of ideas amongst individuals in a situation where they could not assume that others knew what they were required to know. Becker (2004) hypothesises that the choices an organisation makes about how space is allocated and designed directly and indirectly shapes the infrastructure of knowledge networks – the dense and richly veined social systems that help people learn faster and engage more deeply in the work of the organisation. This corresponds with the Dakir (2012) argument that technology is no substitute for live interaction among the members of the organization. Davenport et al (2002) undertook a study among 41 firms that were implementing initiatives to advance the performance of high-end knowledge workers who were regarded as critical to the company’s aims. They focused upon determining th e elements that affected the knowledge work performance. Surprisingly, the issue that was most frequently dealt with by these firms involved the physical workplace – â€Å"the other common ones were information technology and management† (Davenport 2005, p. 166). Davenport (2005) emphasises that the recognition of the importance of knowledge work has grown in recent years, but that our understanding of the physical conditions in which knowledge can flourish has failed to keep pace. The inclusion of emerging communication technology has been argued to provide a better opportunity for employee interaction (Rhoads 2010). This same element of improved long distance communication is credited with diminishing the valued impromptu inspiration that many firms rely on during day to day operations (Denstadli, Gripsrud, Hjortahol and Julsrud 2013). According to Davenport et al (2002) workplace design should be seen as a key determinant of knowledge-worker performance, while we largely remain in the dark about how to align ‘space’ to the demands of knowledge work. Davenport (2005) emphasises the point that â€Å"there is a good deal said about the topic, but not much known about it† (p. 165). Most of the decisions concerning the clima te in which work takes place have been created without consideration for performance factors. This fact continues to diminish opportunities for in-house knowledge sharing and effective dissemination of intelligence (Denstadli et al 2013). Becker (2004) points out that the cultivation of knowledge networks underpins the continuing debate about office design, and the relative virtue of open versus closed space. Duffy (2000) confirms these views when he admits that early twenty-first-century architects â€Å"currently know as little about how workplaces shapes business performance as early nineteenth-century physicians knew how diseases were transmitted before the science of epidemiology was established† (p. 371). This makes every emerging decision regarding effective knowledge sharing critical to the development of any organisation. Deprez and Tissen (2009) illustrate the strength of the knowledge sharing process using Google’s approach:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"one company that is fully aware of its ‘spatial’ capabilities†. The spatial arrangements at Google’s offices can serve as a useful example of how design can have a bearing on improving the exchange of knowledge in ways that also add value to the company. The Zurich ‘Google engineering’ office is the company’s newest and largest research and development facility besides Mountain View, California. In this facility, Deprez and Tissen (2009) report: â€Å"Google has created workspaces where people literally ‘slide into space’ (i.e. the restaurant). Its really true: Google Is different. It’s in the design; it’s in the air and in the spirit of the ‘place’. It’s almost organizing without management. A workplace becomes a ‘workspace’, mobilizing the collective Goo gle minds and link them to their fellow ‘Zooglers’ inside the Zurich office and to access all the outside/external knowledge to be captured by the All Mighty Google organisation† (2009, p. 37). What works for one organisation may not work for another and this appears to be the case in particular when it comes to Google (Deprez et al 2009). Yet, some valuable lessons in how the workplace can be used to good effect can be gained from Google’s operations. For this precise reason, research was carried out at Google Zurich to provide both theoretical and managerial insights into the impact of the design and use of the physical workplace on knowledge sharing (Ibid). Studies comparing the performance of virtual and co-located teams found that virtual teams tend to be more task oriented and exchange less social information than co located ones (Walther Burgoon 1992; Chidambaram 1996). The researchers suggest this would slow the development of relationships and strong relational links have been shown to enhance creativity and motivation. Other studies conclude that face-to-face team meetings are usually more effective and satisfying than virtual ones, but nevertheless virtual teams can be as effective if given sufficient time to develop strong group relationships (Chidambaram 1996). This research implies the importance of facilitating social interaction in the workplace, and between team members (virtual and co-located) when the team is initially forming. Hua (2010) proposes that repeated encounters, even without conversation, help to promote the awareness of co-workers and to foster office relationships. McGrath (1990) recommends that in the abse nce of the ability to have an initial face-to-face meeting other avenues for building strong relationships are advised to ensure the cohesiveness and effectiveness of the team’s interaction. So although interaction alone is not a sufficient condition for successful collaboration, it does indirectly support collaboration. Nova (2005) points out that physical proximity allow the use of non verbal communication including: different paralinguistic and non-verbal signs, precise timing of cues, coordination of turn-taking or the repair of misunderstandings. Psychologists note that deictic references are used in face-to-face meetings on a regular basis, which refers to pointing, looking, touching or gesturing to indicate a nearby object mentioned in conversation (Ibid). Newlands et al (2002) analysed interactions of two groups performing a joint task in either face-to-face or a video conference system. They found that deictic hand gesture occurred five times more frequently in the face-to-face condition the virtual interaction. More recent research has found that extroverts gesticulate for longer and more often in meetings than introverts (Jonnson 2006). Barbour and Koneya (1976) famously claimed that 55 per cent of communication is non-verbal communication, 38 per cent is done by tone of voice, and only 7 per cent is related to the words and content. Clearly non-verbal communication is a key component of interaction and virtual interaction systems need to replicate this basic need, especially in the early stages of team forming or when the team consists of a high proportion of extroverts. The physical co-location of teams also facilitates collaboration (Ibid). A seminal piece of research carried out by Allen (1977) demonstrated that the probability of two people communicating in an organisation is inversely proportional to the distance separating them, and it is close to zero after 30 metres of physical separation. Furthermore, proximity helps maintain task and group awareness, because when co-located it is easier to gather and update information about the task performed by team members (Dakir 2012). A recent survey of workers at highly collaborative companies found that most â€Å"collaborative events† are short (with 34% lasting fewer than 15 minutes) and the majority take place at the desk (Green 2012). It is likely that these impromptu interactions relate to sharing information (perhaps on the PC) or answering queries rather than lengthy intense discussion and development of joint ideas. Interactions at desks may facilitate tacit knowledge sharing by overhearing relevant conversations between team members, but such interactions can also be considered a distraction if not relevant (Denstadli et al 2013). Methodology There are two acknowledged methodological approaches: quantitative and qualitative (Creswell 2005). The quantitative method involves identifying variables in a research question which are then utilized in order to collate numerical data (Ibid).   The qualitative research is open to interpretation allowing personal answers to be incorporated into the study (Creswell 2005). The researcher considered both options in order to complete the necessary goals. Types of Data There are two forms of data: primary, or newly generated data, or secondary, previous data generated within existing studies (Creswell 2005). This study required the acquisition of primary data creating the need for relevant instruments. A survey with 5 open-ended questions has been created and subsequently conducted with centred on 548 employees working at Google Zurich.   This was done in order to explore the perceptions of Google employees with regard to the environment in which they work with a focus on factors that affect knowledge sharing in the work environment. Methods of Data Collection The qualitative data analysis employed a Content Analysis technique to reveal participant perceptions of their work environment. The survey questions were designed to explore employee perceptions regarding the following dimensions: 1) Activities that allow for increased exchange of knowledge; 2) Advantages of frequent interaction with colleagues; 3) Individuals or groups dependent on the frequent interaction with co-workers or  Ã‚   group members; 4) Factors that facilitate interaction within the workplace 5) Factors that inhibit interaction with others in the workplace. Survey participants responded to five open-ended questions and rated their answers using a five-point Likert scale where 5 was ‘most important’. Using a Content Analysis approach (Creswell 2005; Leedy and Ormrod 2005; Neuendorf 2002), the interview responses were analysed. Content Analysis is a qualitative data reduction method that generates categories from key words and phrases in the interview text; it is an evidence-based process in which data gathered through an exploratory approach is systematically analysed to produce predictive or inferential intent (Creswell 2005). Content Analysis was used to identify themes or common concepts in participants’ perceptions regarding the culturally and environmentally distinctive factors that affect interaction in the workplace (Neuendorf, 2002). This process permitted the investigator to quantify and analyse data so that inferences could be drawn. The Content Analysis of survey interview text was categorically coded to reflect various levels of analysis, including key components, words, sentences, or themes (Neuendorf 2002). These themes or key components were then examined using relational analysis to determine whether there were any relationships between the responses of the subjects. The analysis was conducted with Nvivo8 ® software which enables sorting, categorising, and frequency counts of invariant constituents (relevant responses). Content Analysis was used to critically evaluate the survey responses of the study participants, providing in-depth information regarding the factors related to workplace interaction. Sample Respondent Characteristics The invited population consisted of 675 individuals and a total of 548 individuals participated in the survey resulting in a response rate of 81 per cent. Of these 548 completed surveys, 35 responses were discarded because the respondents only partially completed the survey. The final sample consisted of 513 respondents. The key characteristics of these respondents are summarized in Table 4-1. Table 4-1 Sample Respondent Characteristics Factor Description Frequency Education High School Bachelor Degree Certificate Degree Master Degree PhD Degree Other: 15 118 19 231 121 9 Tenure 2 years 2-5 years 5 years 153 331 29 Time Building Use 1 year 1 year 2 years 2 years 140 102 271 0 Time Desk Use 3 months 3-6 months 7-12 months 12 months 143 159 126 85 Age 20 years 21-30 years 31-40 years 41-50 years 50 years 0 216 255 35 7 Gender Male Female 428 85 Mobilty Zurich Office Other Google Office Home Office Travelling Other 88.9% 3.9% 3.9% 2.7% 0.5% Position Engineering Sales and Marketing GandA Other: 428 12 14 59 Nationality Germany Switzerland United States France Poland United Kingdom Romania Hungary Netherlands Sweden Spain Australia Russian Federation 10 respondents 73 62 35 33 28 27 24 23 17 16 14 13 12 136    Survey Findings In order to provide an audit trail of participant responses to the thematic categories that emerged from the data analysis, discussion of the findings precedes the tables of data, within a framework consisting of the five survey questions. An overall summary is provided at the conclusion of the discussion of findings. During the analysis of data, common invariant constituents (relevant responses) were categorically coded and associated frequencies were documented. Frequency data included overall frequency of occurrence as well as frequencies based on rating level (5 = most important to 1 = least important). Invariant constituents with a frequency of less than 10 were not included in the tables. Study conclusions were developed through an examination of the high frequency and highly rated invariant constituents in conjunction with the revealed thematic categories. Question 1: Main Activities that Allow Exchange of Knowledge Table 4-2 provides high frequency invariant constituents (relevant responses) by survey participants demonstrating themes within the data for Question 1. Thematically, the analysis revealed the following primary perceptions of participants in terms of main activities that allow knowledge exchange: (a) meetings of all types; (b) whiteboard area discussions; (c) video conferencing; (d) email, and (e) code reviews. These elements demonstrated a high frequency of importance ratings, and a moderate percentage of respondents rated these elements as ‘most important’ (rating 5). Other themes revealed through the analysis included the importance of writing and reading documentation, Instant Messaging (IM) text chat, Internet Relay Chat (IRC), and extracurricular/social activities. All other invariant constituents with a frequency of greater than 10 are shown in Table 4-2. Table 4-2 Data Analysis Results for Question 1: Main Activities Allowing for Exchange of Knowledge Invariant Constituent Overall number (Frequency) By Rating 5=Most important n=513 5 4 3 2 1 Informal discussion/face to face mtgs/stand ups 351 149 77 60 33 32 Formal planned meetings/conference room mtgs 218 40 61 56 38 23 Email 207 74 74 32 21 6 Lunches/Dinners 64 9 10 15 18 12 Whiteboard area discussions/brainstorming 58 22 13 10 9 4 Video Conferencing (VC) 58 4 16 20 14 4 Code Reviews 51 5 16 20 4 6 Writing/Reading Documentation 47 6 8 13 16 4 IM/Text Chat/IRC 46 10 16 10 7 3 â€Å"Extracurricular Activities† (e.g., pool, socializing, Friday office drinks, etc.) 45 2 2 15 10 16 Writing/Reading docs specifically wiki pages/sites 34 2 10 6 9 7 Chat (unspecified in person vs. text) 33 8 7 8 7 3 Techtalks 27 4 5 6 7 5 Training/presentations 23 1 3 3 10 6 Mailing lists 21 10 2 5 2 2 Shared docs/doc collaboration 17 0 3 5 5 4 Read/write design docs specifically 12 0 2 5 0 5 Telephone/phone conversations 12 0 3 2 4 3 Question 2: Main Advantages of Frequent Interaction with Colleagues Table 4-3 provides high frequency invariant constituents (relevant responses) by survey participants demonstrating themes within the data for Question 2. Thematically, the analysis revealed the following elements representing the primary perceptions of participants in terms of the main advantages to frequent interaction with colleagues: (a) knowledge and information exchange and transfer; (b) staying current on projects and processes; (c) social interaction; (d) learning from others; (e) faster problem resolution; (f) efficient collaboration; and (g) continuous and early feedback. The following themes received a high frequency of importance ratings and a large percentage of ‘most important’ and ‘important’ ratings (rating 5 and 4, respectively) included: knowledge sharing, staying in touch and up to date, learning from others, faster resolution/problem solving, better collaboration, and feedback. Although socialising was revealed to be a strong overall theme , it also demonstrated lower importance ratings. Other themes revealed through the analysis are provided in Table 4-3. Table 4-3 Data Analysis Results for Question 2: Main Advantages of Frequent Interaction Invariant Constituent Overall number (Frequency) By Rating 5=Most important n=513 5 4 3 2 1 Knowledge sharing/exchange of information/Knowledge transfer 149 75 39 19 12 4 Staying in touch/up to date/ more info on projects and processes 113 58 28 17 8 2 Socializing/social interaction 74 5 10 35 18 6 Learning/learning from others/learning new things/increased knowledge base 72 17 28 14 8 5 Understand problems/needs – faster resolution and quicker problem solving 70 25 24 11 4 6 Better/more efficient collaboration 67 42 8 9 5 3 Feedback/continuous feedback/early feedback 66 17 29 8 9 3 New and better ideas/flow of ideas/creativity/ brainstorming 65 25 15 14 7 4 Teamwork/being part of a team/teambuilding 51 10 12 18 9 2 Get work done/efficiency/speed 46 26 13 2 4 1 Fun 44 2 11 15 11 5 Better understanding of what others are doing and how/workloads 44 15 17 10 0 2 Everyone on same page/shared vision/focus on goals of team 32 10 9 6 5 2 Better personal contact and easy interaction 27 5 6 11 2 3 Avoid misunderstanding/work duplication 27 8 10 4 4 1 Helping others/getting help (when stuck) 26 3 9 10 3 1 Good/happy atmosphere/work environment 24 1 2 8 5 8 Networking 22 1 9 6 2 4 Motivate each other/inspiration 21 5 1 5 8 2 Other/new perspectives/viewpoints 18 2 10 3 1 2 Improving quality of work/performance 16 1 5 9 1 0 Work synchronization 16 2 8 1 4 1 Productivity 12 3 1 4 3 1 Knowing latest news/innovations 12 0 3 2 1 6 Better communication 10 1 1 5 2 1 Question 3: Individuals or Groups that are Dependent on Frequent Interaction Table 4-4 provides high frequency invariant constituents (relevant responses) given by survey participants demonstrating themes within the data for Question 3. Thematically, the analysis revealed the following elements representing the primary perceptions of participants in terms of individuals or groups that are dependent on frequent interaction of the participant: (a) my team/project teammates/peers; and (b) managers. The first theme demonstrated a high frequency of importance ratings with a moderate percentage of ‘most important’ and ‘important’ ratings (rating 5 and 4, respectively). Although the theme of managers was revealed to be a relatively strong overall theme, it also demonstrated lower importance ratings. Other themes revealed through the analysis are shown in Table 4-4. Table 4-4 Data Analysis Results for Question 3: Individual/groups dependent on frequent interaction of participant Invariant Constituent Overall number (Frequency) By Rating 5=Most important n=513 5 4 3 2 1 My team/project teammates/peers 128 87 19 14 3 5 Managers/PMs 48 4 24 11 6 3 Users/customers/clients 35 7 12 10 4 2 All reports/related teams 34 7 17 4 4 2 Engineering teams (various) 28 18 8 2 0 0 Recruiting team/staffing 17 5 3 6 3 0 Geo Teams 15 7 6 2 0 0 Operations teams 14 2 3 5 2 2 All of them 11 9 1 0 1 0 HQ 11 3 3 1 2 2 Other engineers using my project/peer developers of my tool 10 1 5 3 1 0 Question 4: Factors Facilitating Easy Interaction Table 4-5 provides high frequency invariant constituents (relevant responses) by survey participants demonstrating themes within the data for Question 4. Thematically, the analysis revealed the following elements representing the primary perceptions of participants about factors that facilitate easy interaction: (a) common, proximal, and open workspace areas; (b) common functional areas; (c) sufficient and available meeting facilities; (d) excellent communication tools; and (e) video conference facilities. The theme of open and common workspace areas/shared office space demonstrated a high frequency of importance ratings with a very large percentage of ‘most important’ ratings (rating 5). Other revealed themes, particularly the second listed theme, demonstrated relatively high overall frequency, but these themes did not demonstrate the strength of importance that the first theme did. Other themes and invariant constituents revealed through the analysis are shown in Table 4-5. Table 4-5 Data Analysis Results for Question 4: Factors Facilitating Easy Interaction Invariant Constituent Overall number (Frequency) By Rating 5=Most important n=513 5 4 3 2 1 Open and Common workspace areas/shared office space/desk locations/sitting together 175 103 34 25 9 4 Common shared Areas (e.g., Kitchen, play/game rooms, lounges, library, etc.) 173 40 66 42 17 8 Enough facilities for meetings/availability of meeting and conference areas 90 19 27 30 12 2 Great communication tools (email, VC, chats, dist. Lists, online docs, wireless, VPN, mobile†¦) 80 11 30 14 18 7 Video Conference meeting rooms/facilities 78 19 25 18 12 4 Onsite lunch/dinner/common dining area (free food and eating together) 50 7 15 11 13 4 Whiteboard areas for informal meetings 43 10 18 7 7 1 Corporate culture/open culture/ open communication culture 43 18 11 9 3 2 Email 42 11 13 9 5 4 Casual and social environment/open atmosphere 36 19 5 9 2 1 People: easy going, friendly, smart, knowledgeable, willing to help 35 14 9 3 3 6 Social Events 28 3 6 5 7 7 Company calendar/planned ops for meeting/ scheduled meetings 19 3 7 6 2 1 Geographic co-location/same time zone 13 7 4 2 0 0 Travel/trips to other offices 12 1 2 1 3 5 Chat (non-specific text or in person) 11 2 4 3 0 2 IM/internet chat 10 5 1 1 1 2 MOMA/social networking/wiki pages/company docs 10 1 0 3 4 2 Question 5: Factors Inhibiting Interaction with Others Table 4-6 provides high frequency invariant constituents (relevant responses) by survey participants demonstrating themes within the data for Question 5. Thematically, the analysis revealed a single strong element and several elements with less relevance as inhibiting factors. The physical geographic differences – specifically the time zone differences – were noted by a majority of participants as the most important element that inhibited interaction with others. Study participants perceived their overscheduled and busy work lives, noise levels in their workspaces, and shared work environments to be contributing inhibitory factors with regard to interaction with others. These elements also demonstrated high frequencies of importance ratings with a moderate percentage of ‘most important’ ratings (rating 5). Other themes revealed through the analysis are shown in Table 4-6. Table 4-6 Data Analysis Results for Question 5: Factors Inhibiting Interaction with Others Invariant Constituent Overall number (Frequency) By Rating 5=Most important n=513 5 4 3 2 1 Physical Geographic distance/ timezone differences 164 115 36 9 3 1 Very busy/Overscheduled people/ overbooked calendars/ too many meetings 45 17 16 10 2 0 Crowded/noisy environment/ noise in shared space 33 19 6 4 4 0 Defective VCs/ VC suboptimal/ VC equipment not working 25 9 7 7 2 0 No meeting rooms available 22 8 6 6 2 0 Too few VC rooms in some locations / lack of available VC rooms 19 4 9 5 0 1 Open Space: no privacy, interruptions/ disruptions 19 5 8 3 2 1 Information overload/ too much email 15 6 2 6 1 0 Large office building/building size and layout/ too many people, difficult to find people 15 11 4 0 0 0 Team split between multiple sites or large distance between team members in same bldg 15 4 5 4 2 0 Need more whiteboards/lack of informal areas with whiteboards 11 3 5 2 1 0 Language barrier: lack of correct English/not knowing colloquial lang. or nuances 11 5 1 3 1 1 Lack of time/deadlines 11 5 2 1 2 1 Different working hours within same time zone 10 5 3 2 0 0 Discussion Both the literature and the survey have illuminated interesting facets of the work environment and the need for personal communication. The analysis of the 513 participants’ responses to five open-ended questions from the employee perception survey revealed patterns of facilitating and inhibiting factors in their work environment. Nonaka (2011) clearly illustrates this point with the argument that the communal environment promotes a standard of communication not found in the technological alternatives. Further, the shift away from the organization to the person orientation provides a fundamental benefit to every employee (Becker 2004). With a rising recognition of individual value, the organisation is building employee trust. Participants in this study preferred frequent, informal opportunities for the exchange of knowledge. The opportunity for growth was centred on the capacity to exchange concepts in a free and easy manner (Nonaka 2011). The evidence presented in this study demonstrates that these opportunities were more valued by team members with high knowledge exchange needs. This is line with the increased depth of knowledge and ability to meet technical needs through employee communication (Tallman et al 2010). A combination of professional advice can benefit the entire production and development process. In this study, transactions among participants were often brief, and were perceived to require limited space – often just stand-up space – with noise-regulating options not found in open-office environments. Dakir (2012) demonstrates the environment has the potential to add to or detract from employee communication, making this factor a critical consideration. Spontaneous and opportunistic knowledge-sharing transactions were valued, and technology provided a platform for this type of knowledge exchange to occur. This evidence from the survey corresponds with the literature illustrating that increased communication and sharing in the workplace enhances the entire operation, as well as providing new and fresh opportunities and innovations (Tallman et al 2010). The research at Google provides further support for the view of some leading companies who strongly believe that having workers in the same place is crucial to their success (Noorderhaven et al 2009). Yahoo’s CEO Marissa Mayer communicated via a memo to employees that June 2013, any existing work-from-home arrangements will no longer apply. Initial studies theorized that the work at home system would provide a better platform for workers, even on a local level (Dakir 2012).   Many points of the memo cited in this Yahoo example, parallel the literature presented in this study. Her memo stated (Moyer 2013): â€Å"To become the absolute best place to work, communication and collaboration will be important, so we need to be working side-by-side.† This is clearly in line with the Coehen and Prusak (2001) assertion that the physical workplace is a critical element of the dynamic business.   â€Å"That is why it is critical that we are all present in our offices. Some of the best decisions and insights come from hallway and cafeteria discussions, meeting new people, and impromptu team meetings.† This element of the her reasoning is nearly identical to the argument presented by Dakir (2012), that a successful company do so, in part, by promoting communication and teamwork in the office, the technical alternatives are not enough. â€Å"Speed and quality are often sacrificed when we work from home. We need to be one Yahoo!, and that starts with physically being together†¦.Being a Yahoo isnt just about your day-to-day job, it is about the interactions and experiences that are only possible in our offices† (Moyer 2013). This section is directly in line with emerging studies citing the vital nature of the interaction and face to face employee contact (Heerwagen et al. 2004). This study has clearly demonstrated that Mayer is not alone in her thinking; Steve Jobs operated in a similar fashion as well (Davenport et al 2002). Despite being a denizen of the digital world, or maybe because he knew all too well its isolating potential, Jobs was a strong believer in face-to-face meetings. â€Å"There’s a temptation in our networked age to think that ideas can be developed by email and iChat,† he said. â€Å"That’s crazy. Creativity comes from spontaneous meetings, from random discussions. You run into someone, you ask what they’re doing, you say ‘Wow,’ and soon you’re cooking up all sorts of ideas† (Isaacson, 2011, p. 431). This assertion by Jobs closely resembles the argument presented in the Rhoads (2010) study that found a clear correlation between the communication capacity and opportunity for successful innovation and progress. Following this philosophy led Jobs to have the Pixar building designed to pr omote encounters and unplanned collaborations.   Ã‚  Mayers former colleague at Google agrees (Ibid). Speaking at an event in Sydney February 2013, Google CFO Patrick Pichette said that teleworking is not encouraged at Google. This reflects the consensus that is emerging that time in the office is not only valuable but necessary to sustained competition in the industry (Denstadli et al 2013). Pichette believes that working from home could isolate employees from other staff. Companies like Apple, Yahoo! and Google are holding on to (or have started embracing) the belief that having workers in the same place is crucial to their success (Dakir 2012). This appears to be based on the view that physical proximity can lead to casual exchanges, which in turn can lead to breakthroughs for products. Heerwagen et al (2004) illustrates that it is evident that â€Å"knowledge work is a highly cognitive and social activity†.   Non-verbal communication is complex and involves many unconscious mechanisms e.g. gesture, body language, posture, facial expression, eye contact, pheromones, proxemics, chronemics, haptics, and paralanguage (Denstadli et al 2013). So, although virtual interaction can be valuable it is not a replacement for face-to-face interaction, particularly for initial meetings of individuals or teams. Furthermore, the increase in remote working has indicated that face-to-face interaction is important for motivation, team-building, mentoring, a se nse of belonging and loyalty, arguably more so than in place-centred workgroups (Deprez and Tissen 2009). Conclusion The role of knowledge management in the workplace has become an increasingly valuable segment of a company’s resources.   This study examined the practice of working remotely versus employee interaction in the work place providing many illuminating developments. Despite the early optimism that emerging technology was going to provide the end all to employee work habits have proven less than fully realized. The evidence in this study has continuously illustrated an environment that requires the innovative, face to face interaction in order to maintain a competitive edge in the industry.   Further, the very environment that promotes this free exchange of ideals is not adequately substituted by technology.   In short, the evidence provided in this study has clearly demonstrated the advantage that the in house employee has over the remote worker. The impromptu encounters between employees are very often the elements needed for progress. What is clear is that in order for a business to capitalize on their full range of available resources virtually requires, face to face personal interaction in order to fully realize the firms full potential.   In the end, it will be the combination of leadership, teamwork and innovation that provides business with the best environment, not necessarily how much technology is available. References Dalkir, K. 2005.  Knowledge management in theory and practice. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Butterworth Heinemann. Denstadli, J., Gripsrud, M., Hjorthol, R. and Julsrud, T. 2013. Videoconferencing and business air travel: Do new technologies produce new interaction patterns?.  Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 29 pp. 113. Nonaka, I. and Takeuchi, H. 2011. The wise leader.  Harvard Business Review, 89 (5), pp. 5867. Noorderhaven, N. and Harzing, A. 2009. Knowledge-sharing and social interaction within MNEs.Journal of International Business Studies, 40 (5), pp. 719741. Rhoads, M. 2010. Face-to-Face and Computer-Mediated Communication: What Does Theory Tell Us and What Have We Learned so Far?.  Journal of Planning Literature, 25 (2), pp. 111122. Tallman, S. and Chacar, A. 2011. Knowledge Accumulation and Dissemination in MNEs: A Practice-Based Framework.  Journal of Management Studies, 48 (2), pp. 278304.

Quotations About Endangered Species

Quotations About Endangered Species People all around the world are talking about endangered species. Opinions circulate, facts are figured, and tempers have been known to flare. It becomes an interesting study to learn not only what makes a species endangered, but how people react to these species predicaments and what might be done to protect them The following is a list quotes by politicians, actors, authors, and other well-known public figures who, in one way or another, have felt a need to speak up on the issue of endangered species conservation. Notable Quotes Lawrence Anthony Workable solutions for Earth are urgently needed. Saving seals and tigers, or fighting yet another oil pipeline through a wilderness area, while laudable, is merely shuffling the deck chairs on the Titanic. Norm Dicks The Endangered Species Act is the strongest and most effective tool we have to repair the environmental harm that is causing a species to decline. Yao Ming Endangered species are our friends. Martin Jenkins, Can We Save the Tiger? When it comes to looking after all the species that are already endangered, theres such a lot to do that sometimes it might all seem to be too much, especially when there are so many other important things to worry about. But if we stop trying, the chances are that pretty soon well end up with a world where there are no tigers or elephants, or sawfishes or whooping cranes, or albatrosses or ground iguanas. And I think that would be a shame, dont you? Jay Inslee What is a fish without a river? What is a bird without a tree to nest in? What is an Endangered Species Act without any enforcement mechanism to ensure their habitat is protected? It is nothing. Bruce Babbitt Well, I think [Im most proud of] breathing life into the Endangered Species Act, taking those wolves back into Yellowstone, restoring the salmon in the rivers of the Pacific Northwest. Id say thats at the top. Alex Meraz Actually I do support a charity, Defenders of Wildlife. They help protect endangered species. Aldo Leopold, Sand County Almanac If education really educates, there will, in time, be more and more citizens who understand that relics of the old West add meaning and value to the new. Youth yet unborn will pole up the Missouri with Lewis and Clark, or climb the Sierras with James Capen Adams, and each generation, in turn, will ask: Where is the big white bear? It will be a sorry answer to say he went under while conservationists werent looking. Jack Hanna The snow leopard is absolutely magnificent. It represents really what endangered species are all about. Jim Saxton It is a drastic mistake to eliminate the provisions that have to do with the protection of habitat for endangered species. It is my opinion that the Endangered Species Act is 99 percent about protecting critical habitat. Dave Barry The real threat to whales is whaling, which has endangered many whale species. Steve Irwin Take the crocodile, for example, my favorite animal. There are 23 species. Seventeen of those species are rare or endangered. Theyre on the way out, no matter what anyone does or says, you know. Russell Banks Chimpanzees are endangered. Severely. Charles Clover, The End of the Line: How Overfishing Is Changing the World and What We Eat Celebrity chefs are the leaders in the field of food, and we are the led. Why should the leaders of chemical businesses be held responsible for polluting the marine environment with a few grams of effluent, which is sublethal to marine species, while celebrity chefs are turning out endangered fish at several dozen tables a night without enduring a syllable of criticism? Bill Vaughan The whale is endangered, while the ant continues to do just fine. Source Clover, Charles. End of the Line: How Overfishing Is Changing the World and What We Eat. Paperback, Ebury, March 1, 2005.

International finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International finance - Essay Example receiving 51.5 million USD, it is forced to pay 1 million USD to the counterparty to settle the forward and this means it will only keep (51.5 million – 1 million) = 50.5 million USD. The company would have gained if the rate went against the forward rate by an equal margin of 0.02 USD/Euro. A forward contract essentially locks in the exchange rate, no matter what happens, and depending on which way the market subsequently moves it can be beneficial or detrimental. (a) Intrinsic value of a call option may be calculated as; In the case of a Call Option:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Underlying Price  - Strike Price = Intrinsic Value. Therefore, the intrinsic values of the stocks priced at $55, $50, $45 will be as follows; As can be observed from the table, the intrinsic value of the call option with a strike of $50 remains at zero until the stock starts to trade above the strike price. The call intrinsic value is greater than zero; therefore, it rises and continues rising as the stock starts to move away from the strike price to the upside. Which is; (0.06-0.05)*(90/360)*1 million = $2,500. This interest saving of 2,500 will not come until the end of the 90-day LIBOR or Loan period. Therefore, the value at settlement is calculated from the present value of these savings; If the floating rate happens to be less than the forward rate, the result will be, negative meaning the long will pay the short; this also happens when the current rate is less than the contract rate (Scott & Wellons 1995). Hence, money may be lost since borrowing could only technically take place at lower rate with the present rates than it is possible with contract rates. (a) The annual interest rate in the UK is 6.5% while that in the US is 5.2%; the interest rate in the US is lower than that in the UK by (6.5-5.2) = 1.3%. A reduction or lower interest rate will mean that the demand for US goods will be lower as compared to those of the UK goods by a percentage of 1.3%. This means a depreciation of the

Singapores Energy Diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Singapores Energy Diplomacy - Essay Example Being an economy with almost no natural resources, the country Singapore is more exposed to the threat of rising energy cost . This threat actually affects the national economy in a huge way. For that reason it is very crucial for the country to take necessary steps so that the energy efficiency is increased. In the month of October, 2002, at the Energy Forum, the Deputy Minister of Trade, Industry and Foreign Affairs of Singapore, Mr. Raymond Lim mentioned that the country would be projecting a three-phase response to combat the energy challenges . The first step, which was proposed by the deputy minister, stated that the industry base of the country should be strengthened by the up gradation and improvement of the oil-refining sector of the country . The first statement also focused on the development of the supporting functions for these oil refineries. The supporting components include promotion of e-business, proper supply-chain and logistic management, a development in the fiel d of information science and promotion of international oil trading. In his second recommendation the deputy minister stressed on the fact that for a country like Singapore, fighting against the energy crisis is important to develop a hub for alternative energy sources . The high-end alternative energy plans, which Mr. Lim proposed, were fuel cell technology and hydrogen economy. These technologies include test-bedding, manufacturing of the system for producing fuel cells and eventually marketing these products.The third and the final proposition focused on the liberalization and the improvement of energy efficiency of the country and also optimizing the usage of the un-renewable energy sources.

Article Analysis Essay Example for Free

Article Analysis Essay Write a short, clear summary of the article: The article argues that the West should apply economic sanctions coupled with security pressure in order to prevent Iran from further development of its nuclear program. The author believes that sanctions would work better than incentives through not providing rewards for inappropriate behavior. The author concludes that, in case sanctions fail, preemptive strike is not the best solution, but it is more preferable to the situation in which Iran acquires nuclear weapons. What is the context of the article? The article, published in winter 2007 issue of Middle East Quarterly, appeared in the midst of the heated debate on the possible measures used to prevent Iran from developing its nuclear program. At that time, several approaches were on the table (e.g. American, European, and Russian suggestions), and an unbiased analysis of the projected effectiveness of each approach was highly needed. What seems to be the author’s purpose? The author’s purpose is to present his stance on the situation in Iran and explicate the rationale behind the beliefs he holds concerning this matter. He also aims to persuade audience of the necessity to adopt the suggested approach. In what type of publication did this appear? Describe it. The article appeared in Middle East Quarterly. It is quarterly journal devoted on Middle Eastern affairs. The publication has been referred to as a useful resource of information on political, economic, and cultural developments in the region for politicians, academics, and journalists. Main types of articles published there include in-depth studies, interviews, commentary, and reviews. Write a brief analysis of the author’s credentials and possible expertise or bias. If no information is available on the author, try to take a guess based upon his or her knowledge and writing ability, which you might derive from the article. The author of the article is Patrick Clawson, senior editor of the Middle East Quarterly, is director for research at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. He is a well-established expert on Middle Eastern affairs and the author of more than seventy articles about regional affairs that appeared in reputable publications like New York Times, Wall Street Journal, and Washington Post. Iranian nuclear program has been his focus for several years already; one of his books is titled ‘Getting Ready for a Nuclear Ready Iran.’ Who seems to be the target audience? Be specific. The target audience of this article encompasses members of public-at-large interested in world politics and Middle Easters affairs. This publication is not intended for professionals dealing with the issue of Iran or academics: it does not operate terminology or data that needs particular expertise in international relations. However, the article presumes that the potential reader is aware of the development of the situation in Iran since it refers to certain well-known facts and opinion concerning the problem. The author also assumes that the target audience has sufficient education level and enough knowledge of international affairs to be able to grasp certain historical examples or evaluate data supplied by international organizations. In short outline form, show the author’s stance. Then, explain and evaluate the presentation of the author’s stance. In other words, what’s the thesis? What reasons are given for this stance? Are the reasons supported well? The author argues that the West should opt for exerting economic pressure on Iran. He argues that the country is dependant on international economic transactions in securing its well-being. The author suggests a list of measures that might be effective in dealing with Iran, such as harshening restrictions concerning financial operations and trade, pressuring charities that work closely with Iranian leaders, discouraging the investment in Iran’s oil and gas industry, decreasing the presence of international firms and financial institutions in the country. These sanctions will be effective since the primary concern of Iranian government now is delivering its promises in terms of raising quality of life and well-being of the nations. However, economic sanctions are not enough and should be coupled with security inducement through showing how a decision to denounce the nuclear program might contribute to the viability of the country. In the concluding section, he argues that using preemptive military force is not the best option. Explanation for that is found earlier in the text: attack on Iran can be used to rekindle the lost fervor of revolutionary days. Analyze the writer’s language. What is the writer’s tone? Why might he or she have chosen this tone? Is it effective? What words are defined or left undefined? Give examples. Writer’s language and tone are both effective if we keep target audience in mind. The language of the article is easily accessible yet very official. Some rhetorical devices (i.e. rhetorical questions) are used to reinforce writer’s thesis. However, the article relies on logical rather than emotional appeal. As for the terms, ‘security inducements’ referred to in the last chapter before the conclusion are loosely defined, especially as compared with ‘economic sanctions’ which are listed and discussed in detail. Based upon your analysis, is this a credible piece of writing? Explain. It is possible to conclude that the article is a credible piece of writing. Lacking in-depth analysis or innovative approach, it provides a comprehensive summary of main arguments on the issues and has no factual mistakes. Finally, and in detail (really think about this—refer to specifics) how do the stance and language choices relate to the author’s purpose and target audience? Explain. Since the article is a persuasive essay, the author explains his argument carefully and consistently. Taking into account that the target audience consists of members of public-at-large rather than academics, every argument is backed by accessible analysis and abundant factual data (such as figures, quotations, and historical examples). Since the educational level of target audience is high, the author keeps within the limits of official and quasiscientific style of writing.

Horatio †Unsullied Character in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- GCSE En

Horatio – Unsullied Character in Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Perhaps even more innocent than Ophelia in Shakespere’s Hamlet is Horatio. This essay will treat his character in depth, including many literary critical evaluations.    Who is the play’s historian? None other than Horatio. In the first scene Horatio gives a detailed history of what has gone before regarding King Hamlet:    Our last king,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Whose image even but now appear'd to us,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Was, as you know, by Fortinbras of Norway,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thereto prick'd on by a most emulate pride,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dared to the combat; in which our valiant Hamlet--   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For so this side of our known world esteem'd him--   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Did slay this Fortinbras; who by a seal'd compact,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Well ratified by law and heraldry,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Did forfeit, with his life, all those his lands   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Which he stood seized of, to the conqueror:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Against the which, a moiety competent   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Was gaged by our king; which had return'd   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To the inheritance of Fortinbras,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Had he been vanquisher; as, by the same covenant,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And carriage of the article design'd,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   His fell to Hamlet. Now, sir, young Fortinbras,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of unimproved mettle hot and full,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hath in the skirts of Norway here and there   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shark'd up a list of lawless resolutes,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For food and diet, to some enterprise   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That hath a stomach in't; which is no other--   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As it doth well appear unto our state--   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But to recover of us, by strong hand   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And terms compulsatory, those foresaid lands   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   So by his father lost: and this, I take it,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Is the main motive of our preparations,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The source of this our watch and the chief head .. ... Press, 1992.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html    West, Rebecca. â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957.    Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. â€Å"Shakespeare.† Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.    Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"Hamlet: A Man Who Thinks Before He Acts.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar. N. p.: Pocket Books, 1958.      

Main Causes of the US Automobile Industry Crisis Essay

Recent happenings in the US automobile industry point to an industry that is steeped in a crisis of monumental proportions, one that it has never had the misfortune of staring at since the advent of the automobile as we know it today. Sales at the Big Three motor companies (Ford, GM, and Chrysler) have touched historic lows, not only pushing industry profitability levels down with them, but also triggering off a rare spectacle characterised by all the largest American carmakers bleeding in red ink. Writing for one of the premier automotive media, Krebbs and Visnic (2009) adduce data fresh from the oven that point to as much. According to Krebbs and Visnic (2009), the American industry posted the lowest levels of sales in sixteen years in the year just past. While GM witnessed a drop in sales of 23%, Ford saw its sales revenues shrink by a massive 20%, and Chrysler posted sales that were 30% lower than the previous year. Other automakers in the country such as Hyundai, Toyota, and Nissan did not fare any better. On average, the industry shed off some 3 million units in lost sales, which translates into a contraction of 18%. With such massive declines in sales, the Big Three have become deeply steeped in debt, and are staring bankruptcy right in the face in spite of the massive bailout packages tailored for the industry by the Obama administration. As a matter of fact, GM (which is the largest of the Big Three) and Chrysler have already filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. As the Wall Street Journal (2009, p.A1) points out, GM went under in June under a massive debt of $172 billion (against assets of only $82 billion) in what has been described as the second largest industrial bankruptcy filing in the US. After 84 years, the icon of American industry had its name struck off the Dow Jones, hot in the heels of Chrysler which had filed for bankruptcy just months earlier. It is not just dwindling sales and profitability that have afflicted the three largest American carmakers, they have also been steadily losing market shares and particularly to their more fleet-footed Asian rivals who include Toyota, Nissan Honda, and Hyundai. For example, GM, Chrysler and Ford had market shares of 23.8%, 12.9% and 15.5% respectively in 2007, which fell to 22.6%, 11% and 15.1% respectively in 2008. In contrast, the market shares of Honda, Nissan and Toyota increased from 9.7%, 6.6% and 16.3% respectively to 10.8%, 7.2% and 16.8% respectively over the same period. This is an indication that the US carmakers are losing out to other foreign carmakers (Krebbs and Visnic, 2009). Various factors have been cited as being behind the poor performance of the US automobile industry, but there are three main reasons that stand out. These include the meltdown in the US economy that was largely triggered off by the sub prime mortgage crisis, the failure by American carmakers to respond adaptively to the dictates of the external environment, and a poor business model characterized by factors such as huge legacy costs. Economic meltdown: One of the major causes of the declining fortunes of the US auto industry is the meltdown of the US economy which is mainly attributed to the sub prime mortgage crisis. The sub prime mortgage crisis occurred when banks and other financial institutions made out loans for the purchase of homes to a segment of the market that is considered risky due to its poor credit history and low ability to repay given their low income levels (this segment of the market is what is referred to as the sub prime segment). These loans were made out at the height of the boom in the real estate industry with expectations being that the boom in the industry would continue and that the buyers of the homes given the mortgages would be able to refinance their homes and pay back the loans. With the unexpected and sudden burst of the real estate bubble however, the sub prime borrowers were unable to refinance their homes due to plummeting values of real estate, leading to huge defaults that triggered off massive foreclosures never before witnessed in US history (Zeese, 2008; Rasmus, 2008). This caused banks and financial institutions to write off billions of dollars in bad debts, leading to a huge liquidity crisis and credit crunch that hit the economy and caused the current recessionary conditions being witnessed in the US and in much of the world. It also brought about a sharp and dramatic spike in unemployment rates which have affected demand for cars. The economic crisis has had the effect of drying up credit, which has made many potential car buyers unable to access car loans, a factor that has in turn triggered a massive decline in the demand for cars. Additionally, car makers have been unable to access debt finance for investment and working capital requirements, which has also impacted them negatively (Zeese, 2008; Rasmus, 2008; Borade, 2009). Failure to adapt to the external environment: Firms operate in an external environment in which its operations are affected either positively or negatively by political-legal, economic, socio-cultural, and technological forces. The role of the company therefore is to scan the external environment for opportunities or threats which these forces may present, and to implement strategies that will help the organization to either capitalize on the opportunities or avoid the threats (Saloner, Shepard, and Podolny, 2008). The troubles afflicting the US automobile stem in part on the failure of the US carmakers to assess changes in their external environment and to respond adaptively. Over much of 2008, oil prices soared at one tine time touching all-time highs of $147 per barrel. The rise in oil prices triggered a corresponding rise in gasoline prices (to a high of $4 a gallon), which pushed the commodity out of reach for many Americans, and especially those with large fuel guzzling vehicles such as trucks (e.g. GM’s hugely popular Hummer) (Krebbs and Visnic, 2009; Zeese, 2008). Concomitant with the rise in the price of oil and gasoline has been an increasing consciousness towards the need for environmental protection, which has caused the rising popularity of cars that have higher fuel efficiency. These two factors contributed a great deal in shifting consumers’ tastes and preferences away from large fuel-guzzling cars such as trucks towards smaller more fuel efficient models. Unlike Asian car makers which recognized these trends and moved towards the manufacture of small models and green vehicles, all the Big Three firms continues producing large fuel guzzling cars such as SUV’s (Zeese, 2008). The result of this is that SUV and truck sales plummeted, hitting hard the revenues and bottom lines of the American firms, as consumers shifted their purchases to the smaller models manufactured by the Asian carmakers. Krebbs and Visnic (2009) write that as a result of these trends, car sales surpassed those of trucks in 2008, the first time that has ever happened since 2000. An example of   how hard SUV and large vehicle sales were affected as a result of these trends is given by the case of GM and its Hummer brand, which Hummer, which â€Å"suffered the biggest decline of all GM’s brands with sales plummeting 51 percent — its lowest sales level since 2002† (Krebbs and Visnic, 2009, p.2). Poor business model: The third factor that has contributed to the dramatic decline of the US auto industry’s fortunes is the fact that the industry has a poor business model. The US automobile industry is unique among all car industries worldwide due to the fact that it is saddled with huge and unbearable healthcare costs which produces one of the highest cost structures that makes American made cars uncompetitive against Asian made cars, for example (Zeese, 2008). According to Zeese (2008), failure by successive US administrations to reform the country’s healthcare system has resulted in car manufacturers paying healthcare costs for their employees to the tune of billions of dollars. Zeese (2008, p.1) writes that â€Å"It would not be unfair to describe General Motors as a health insurance provider who happens to make cars. GM spends $5 billion annually on health care for 1.2 million people – only 150,000 of whom work for the company. GM, Ford and Chrysler have a combined unfunded retiree health care obligation of more than $90 billion. Health care adds $1,500 to the cost of each vehicle.† With the American carmakers saddled by such huge costs, it is little wonder that their products are uncompetitive when compared to cars made by foreign manufacturers such as Toyota (which has one of the most admired lean manufacturing systems that keeps costs very low). Conclusion: The US automobile industry is in a big crisis. Other than declining sales and profitability, the industry is losing out to foreign car makers and particularly Asian rivals such as Toyota, Honda and Nissan. This has been brought about by three main reasons, which include the meltdown in the US economy triggered off by the sub prime mortgage crisis, a poor business model adopted by the industry, and failure by the US car industry to respond adaptively to changing environmental conditions. References: Borade, G. 2009. US economic crisis: impact on automobile industry. Retrieved on 11 July 2009 from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/us-economic-crisis-impact-on-automobile-industry.html King, N and Terlep, S. 2009, June 2. â€Å"GM Collapses into Government’s Arms.† Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on 11 July 2009 from   http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124385428627671889.html

Mobile Phones a a health hazard Essay

These days the Technology is increasing so much that we all people are dependent on the machines which many engineers have made. These entire software machines are not always useful in your lives but on the other hand are dangerous and hazardous. The attraction towards all this things can be an addiction which will in future never be removed from our body. The mobile phones is one of the inventions. The students studying in schools are finding this gadget inseparable from them. A few schools are allowing the students to carry their mobile phones with them. I believe that this is not right. While the teachers in the schools are teaching, the students are busy on their phones and not giving attention about what their teacher is teaching. Excess usage of mobile phones can reduce our level of concentration and focus because of which we might not perform well in our exams. As this being a habit can never be given up and I can prove it with an example of my daily routine. I have been noticing this in my school and also in many other places that whenever people have gone on a holiday with their family so as to remove their tension and stress. But they are not able to as the whole time during their vacation also they are busy with their office work, or the regular social networking sites and applications. Vacation is meant to be relaxing with your family and friends instead of being on the screen the whole day. As I had said that mobile phones are sometimes dangerous and hazardous because they emit the radioactive waves which can effect on our brains and also cause us cancer. If we talk on phones two or three hours a day it will cause cancer which can be harmful to our health. But the most dangerous incident that happens because of mobile phones is while driving or crossing a road. As the government had made a rule that we all people are not allowed to talk on the phone while driving but most of the citizens do not follow this rule. There are many incidents on the Mumbai roads. There was a person talking on his phone while crossing the roads, and met with an accident and he came under a bus. The mobile phones could be our best friend and useful gadgets when we use it in need like Emergency or to pass on information about our whereabouts to our parents when we are late to reach home.

DNA and Genetic Engineering essays

DNA and Genetic Engineering essays Genetic engineering is a technique used by scientists to transform the DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) of living organisms. DNA is the blueprint for the individuality of an organism. The organism relies upon the information stored in its DNA for the group of every biochemical process. The life, growth and unique features of the organism depend on its DNA. The sections of DNA which have been associated with specific features or functions of an organism are called genes. Molecular biologists have discovered many enzymes which change the structure of DNA in living organisms. Some of these enzymes can cut and join strands of DNA. Using these enzymes, scientists learned to cut the specific genes from DNA and to build customized DNA using these genes. They also learned about vectors that are strands of DNA such as viruses, which can infect a cell and insert themselves into its DNA. Scientists soon began to construct vectors which inserted specific pre-chosen genes into the DNA of living organisms. The job of the Genetic Engineer today is to improve certain aspects of living organisms to prevent diseases or the break down of the cells within. One example is seen in the food industry, for example, the tomato. The tomato is known to have a short growing season because of it's sensitivity to frost. Genetic Engineers were able to locate a gene in a fish that allows it to survive the cold water and then inserted this frost resistant gene into the tomato. Therefore the tomato can grow for a longer time, allowing the consumer to choose bigger and juicier tomatoes. From land to sea, Genetic Engineering can make a great difference in the food we eat. It has been modified for two main reasons: to change the rate of growth and to increase resistance to disease. Agriculture has more than one positive effect. Firstly, there is more production of crops in a smaller amount of space, increasing the profitability. Secondly, the crops are free of pestici ...

How Irish Immigrants Overcame Discrimination in America

How Irish Immigrants Overcame Discrimination in America The month of March isn’t just home to St. Patrick’s Day but also to Irish American Heritage Month, which acknowledges the discrimination the Irish faced in America and their contributions to society. In honor of the annual event, the U.S. Census Bureau releases a variety of facts and figures about Irish Americans and the White House issues a proclamation about the Irish experience in the United States. In March 2012, President Barack Obama ushered in Irish-American Heritage Month by discussing the â€Å"indomitable spirit† of the Irish. He referred to the Irish as a group â€Å"whose strength helped build countless miles of canals and railroads; whose brogues echoed in mills, police stations, and fire halls across our country; and whose blood spilled to defend a nation and a way of life they helped define. Defying Famine, Poverty, and Discrimination Defying famine, poverty, and discrimination, these sons and daughters of Erin demonstrated extraordinary strength and unshakable faith as they gave their all to help build an America worthy of the journey they and so many others have taken.† History of Discrimination Notice that the president used the word â€Å"discrimination† to discuss the Irish American experience. In the 21st century, Irish Americans are widely considered to be â€Å"white† and reap the benefits of white skin privilege. In previous centuries, however, the Irish endured some of the same discrimination that racial minorities endure today. As Jessie Daniels explained in a piece on the Racism Review website called â€Å"St. Patrick’s Day, Irish-Americans and the Changing Boundaries of Whiteness,† the Irish faced marginalization as newcomers to the United States in the 19th century. This was largely because of how the English treated them. She explains: â€Å"The Irish had suffered profound injustice in the U.K. at the hands of the British, widely seen as ‘white negroes.’ The potato famine that created starvation conditions that cost the lives of millions of Irish and forced the out-migration of millions of surviving ones, was less a natural disaster and more a complex set of social conditions created by British landowners (much like Hurricane Katrina). Forced to flee from their native Ireland and the oppressive British landowners, many Irish came to the U.S.† Immigrating to the U.S. Didn’t End the Hardships But immigrating to the U.S. didn’t end the hardships the Irish experienced across the pond. Americans stereotyped the Irish as lazy, unintelligent, carefree criminals and alcoholics. Daniels points out that the term â€Å"paddy wagon† comes from the derogatory â€Å"paddy,† a nickname for â€Å"Patrick† widely used to describe Irish men. Given this, the term â€Å"paddy wagon† basically equates being Irish to criminality. Competing for Low-Wage Employment Once the U.S. ceased to enslave its African American population, the Irish competed with blacks for low-wage employment. The two groups did not join together in solidarity, however. Instead, the Irish worked to enjoy the same privileges as white Anglo-Saxon Protestants, a feat they accomplished partly at the expense of blacks, according to Noel Ignatiev, author of How the Irish Became White (1995). Subjugating Blacks to Move up the Socioeconomic Ladder While the Irish abroad opposed slavery, for example, Irish Americans supported the peculiar institution because subjugating blacks allowed them to move up the U.S. socioeconomic ladder. After slavery ended, the Irish refused to work alongside blacks and terrorized African Americans to eliminate them as competition on multiple occasions. Due to these tactics, the Irish eventually enjoyed the same privileges as other whites while blacks remained second-class citizens in America. Richard Jenson, a former University of Chicago history professor, wrote an essay about these issues in the Journal of Social History called â€Å"‘No Irish Need Apply’: A Myth of Victimization.† He states:​ â€Å"We know from the experience of African Americans and Chinese that the most powerful form of job discrimination came from workers who vowed to boycott or shut down any employer who hired the excluded class. Employers who were personally willing to hire Chinese or blacks were forced to submit to the threats. There were no reports of mobs attacking Irish employment. On the other hand, the Irish repeatedly attacked employers who hired African Americans or Chinese.† Advantages Used to Get Ahead White Americans often express incredulity that their ancestors managed to succeed in the United States while people of color continue to struggle. If their penniless, immigrant grandfather could make it in the U.S. why can’t blacks or Latinos or Native Americans? Examining the experiences of European immigrants in the U.S. reveals that some of the advantages they used to get ahead- white skin and intimidation of minority laborers- were off-limits to people of color.

Celebrity in contemporary America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Celebrity in contemporary America - Essay Example They institute them gorgeous, eye-catching and love to see them on screen or if anyhow they get an opportunity they would like to see their live performances, have an autograph and thus they are highly infatuated with them. It is a mob psychology to follow these celebrities, as most of the people do not know actually know much about them but they have to keep pace with the trend and hence they are keep a track of their favorite celebrities through media, magazines, internet, discuss about them, their personal life in gatherings. People like to discuss about their lifestyle, romance and fashion and here media plays a crucial role in publicizing the personal life of the celebrity. Media in this manner try to seek the attention of people and hence they also enhance their popularity. Media very well grasp the prevailing psychology of the mob and therefore they advertise about any information or program related with the celebrity and their interview so that people watch their show and in turn the channel gains fame along with the celebrity. However, does everyone know what a celebrity is? Indeed, the public just know what kind of people they call celebrities through the media. This paper will closely demonstrate the definition of celebrity using the example of one of celebrities, Britney Spears. Britney has become a celebrity at a very early age, released numerous hit songs. The present article highlights the making of Britney, how has she become a celebrity. According to the theories for being celebritised, Britney has technically been used icon for performance, music, fashion, and of course life style. She emerged as an icon, a complete performer and entertainer in the world of music. People love to watch her performance, they appreciate her every act and move and truly adore her for voice quality and that is how she became a popular star at a very young age. According to Rojek (2001, pp.17-20), "there are three aspects it can be de categorized: ascribed, achieved and attributed." A brief explanation of these categories are initially attributed to the opportunity that is provided to the individual, the fate and destiny- a sheer luck factor that transforms an ordinary individual into a celeb, a star, an icon, a public figure and a big shot. In case of Britney, she is possesses both achievements as well as attribution. People keep a track of their preferred celebrity and try to peep into their life styles, what they eat, what they wear, the big brand names they are associated with, what they eat, how much they eat, and hence a complete business of many industries revolve around the celebrity. It is for this reason, big companies mark the celebrities as their brand ambassador and advertise their brands through them so as to gain command over the market. Business run through these celebrities for big organizations and hence such organizations earn a lot through their publicity making people buy their brands for food, clothing, grooming, writing and decorating their homes and offices. Thus, big companies use celebrities for their brand popularity and use the celebrities as an image of their brand. Marshall (1997, p.150) analyses the popular music has been bounded up with the mass media. Thus, promoting the importance of music to expand the